The development of optical fibers from attenuation and absorption of fiber material for efficiency and quality has produced several positive results. However, several natural negative factors and environmental errors cause problems such as birefringence and dispersion mode variations. This article therefore proposed a simulation of birefringence and polarization mode dispersion (PMD) to investigate the emergence of interference and efforts towards finding a solution to the problem of optical fiber. Moreover, a single-mode fiber was investigated at the core refractive index and cladded with a core radius and fixed sample for a wavelength of infrared regimes. The performance of fibers was also evaluated through the determination of the PMD value of the fibers. The simulation results showed the difference observed in birefringence produced the power affecting the output. Meanwhile, the PMD also produced the light waves discovered to be experiencing widening pulses in the cladding.

Utilization fiber optics macro-bending will be useful for non-destructive applications, such as a mass measurement device. This research, therefore, analyzes the fiber optic power loss due to macro bending by mass loading and explores its possible application as an instrument of mass scale. A single-mode fiber (SMF) with a core diameter of 8.2μm and laser with a wavelength of 1310 nm and 1550 nm are used in this work. Moreover, an optical power meter with a sensitivity of 0.01dBm is applied as the detector while power loss is determined using nine bending cylinders that can produce eighteen bends with a roundtrip system. It is obtained a correlation coefficient R 2 of 0.9910 and 0.9959 corresponding to a sigmoid of 4 parameters for two-wavelength sources of 1310nm and 1550nm, respectively. The results showed mass suppression can produce a power loss with a relatively small error of 19.60%,

Maturity progress of palm fruit is greatly depending on the availability of nutrients and environments. Determining maturity level of palm fruit is important to evaluate the quality of palm oil fruits. The younger or too mature fruits will produce poor quality of crude palm oil (CPO). An appropriate devices are needed that can measure the level of fruit maturity so that uniformity of maturity grade can be carried out to obtain high quality CPO. This research provides a preliminary study of voltage change on the surface of oil palm seeds which subjected by electric potential. The low directional voltage (DC) injection treatment, ~ 10V, was applied to investigate the impact of applied voltage on palm oil seeds with three different levels of maturity, i.e. immature (young), ripe and over ripe . The results shown that oil palm fruit quite quickly responds to injection of DC applied voltage with different responding voltage. This responding voltage tends to increase with increasing maturity levels, but decreases for over ripe fruit which has falling down and starting to dry out.