Despite the existence of various biometric techniques, like fingerprints, iris scan, as well as hand geometry, the most efficient and more widely-used one is face recognition. This is because it is inexpensive, non-intrusive and natural. Therefore, researchers have developed dozens of face recognition techniques over the last few years. These techniques can generally be divided into three categories, based on the face data processing methodology. There are methods that use the entire face as input data for the proposed recognition system, methods that do not consider the whole face, but only some features or areas of the face and methods that use global and local face characteristics simultaneously. In this paper, we present an overview of some well-known methods in each of these categories. First, we expose the benefits of, as well as the challenges to the use of face recognition as a biometric tool. Then, we present a detailed survey of the well-known methods by expressing each method's principle. After that, a comparison between the three categories of face recognition techniques is provided. Furthermore, the databases used in face recognition are mentioned, and some results of the applications of these methods on face recognition databases are presented. Finally, we highlight some new promising research directions that have recently appeared.

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This paper deals with the features of a new wavelet network structure founded on several mother wavelets families. This new structure is similar to the classic wavelets network but it admits some differences eventually. The wavelet network basically uses the dilations and translations versions of only one mother wavelet to construct the network, but the new one uses several mother wavelets and the objective is to maximize the probability of selection of the best wavelets. Two methods are presented to assist the training procedure of this new structure. On one hand, we have an optimal selection technique that is based on an improved version of the Orthogonal Least Squares method; on the other, the Generalized Cross-Validation method to determine the number of wavelets to be selected for every mother wavelet. Some simulation results are reported to demonstrate the performance and the effectiveness of the new structure and the training procedure for function approximation in one and two dimensions.In this subsection, we propose a new training procedure, on the basis of the structure given on the Eq. (3.2) that permits to make:• The initialization of weights, as well as translations and dilations of wavelet network (generation of the multi-mother). • An automatic selection and increment of the wavelet in the hidden layer (improved version of OLS). • The choice of the optimal number N opt of wavelets (GCV method).• The update and construction of the wavelet network.

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