Aim: To evaluate the perception of educational environment of post-graduate residents in teaching hospitals of Pakistan. Methodology: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in four tertiary care hospitals in Pakistan from January 2020 to November 2020.The Post-graduate Hospital Education Environment Measure (PHEEM) inventory (40 items on a 0-4 Likert scale) was distributed among 195 post-graduate residents of multiple specialties by convenience non-probability sampling technique. Response was recorded into three subscales which included perception of teaching, role of autonomy and social support. The total score of these three domains had a combined maximum and minimum of 160 and 0, respectively. Results: Cumulative mean score obtained in our study showed a total score of 23.69 ± 16.247 / 56 for the theme: Perception of Role of autonomy, 24.17 ± 16.928 / 60 for Perception of Teaching and 19.35 ± 13.224 / 44 for Perception of Social Support. Conclusion: There are no drastic flaws in the post-graduate medical education residency-training program currently running in Pakistan. However, there is need for further improvement in teaching attitude of instructors and the need to eradicate discriminatory behavior felt by the post-graduate residents in certain circumstances. Keywords: Perception, Educational environment, Postgraduate Residents, Pakistan

Aim: To determine the viral load in the patients admitted in Covid-19 isolation and its correlation with the inflammatory markers and the following clinical outcome. Methodology: A retrospective study was conducted in the Pathology Department of Doctors Hospital and Medical Centre in Lahore, Pakistan from November 2020 to January 2021. IRB approval was granted. A total of 86 patients met the inclusion criteria for the study. Data was analyzed using research tool SPSS 24. Results: Increased serum viral load in SARS-CoV-2 infection showed positive correlation with inflammatory markers IL-6 (P =0.04) and D-dimer (P =0.029). Inflammatory markers LDH, Ferritin, Procalcitonin, D-Dimers and viral load itself (CT) all correlated with higher mortality while IL-6 did not. Conclusion: Serum viral load in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 correlates with higher mortality rates itself and also raises certain inflammatory markers (IL-6, D-Dimers), which are independently accountable for causing higher mortality as well. Hence, increased inflammatory markers resulted in poor prognosis regardless of high or low viral load. Their correlation with mortality can still serve as prognostic indicators. Keywords: viral load, inflammatory markers, Covid-19, mortality

Aim: To assess the level of knowledge and awareness of undergraduate medical students in order to determine whether the undergraduate virology course is up to standard for preparation of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted online by random-sampling method with a multi-central approach. Data was collected from 311 respondents for a time period of one month during May 2020. IRB approval was granted. Descriptive analysis was done on student demographics, their knowledge and opinions, using the research tool SPSS 24. Results: Majority of students had factually correct knowledge about Covid-19, according to the WHO guidelines. However, there was poor knowledge regarding animal reservoirs and other diseases caused by Coronaviruses. Most students had learned about Coronaviruses from sources apart from the syllabi or course material and 93% were in agreement for wanting an improved Coronavirus module in their undergraduate virology courses. Conclusion: Medical students have good knowledge about Coronavirus, but are lacking in some crucial topics such as sources of animal reservoir and types of diseases etc. More studies need to be conducted in order to assess whether undergraduate syllabi are sufficient for educating and training students about future possible pandemics. An efficient prospective course of action should be determined accordingly. Keywords: Medical students, Coronaviruses, Covid-19, Pandemic, Knowledge, Awareness.

Aim: To evaluate the application of the principles of Patient and Family-centered Care Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital in Punjab, Pakistan. IRB approval was granted, and the study spanned a period from January 2019 to June 2019. A questionnaire was created to survey the pediatric patient's parents. Data analysis was done using SPSS 25. Results: A total of 158 responses were recorded. The majority of the parents felt that patient and family-centered care was not being applied to the admitted patients' management plans in the pediatric and neonatal ICUs. Conclusion: The treatment of patients in the pediatric and neonatal ICUs was not following the principles of patient and family-centered care. Therefore, further studies are required to improve the ease of access, alongside limiting the barriers to the patient and family-centered care in Pakistan. This way, patients can benefit from improved outcomes associated with PFCC. Keywords: Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), intensive care unit (ICU), pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), patient and family-centered care (PFCC).

Background:Globally, hypertension has been recognized as a main health problem for under developed as well as developed countries. It can also be defined as a non- transmittable illness due to its high rate of death and delay in early diagnosis, it is called “silent killer”. There are limited research findings available in Pakistan forassessing it’sprevalenceand no latest researches are carried out. Objective: The main goal of current research is to investigate which antihypertensive drug is the most popular prescription amongst Physicians. Material and Methods:It was a cross sectional descriptive studyperformed at the pharmacologysection, Lahore Medical and Dental College (LMDC). All adult participants (20 ≥ 50 ≤ years) for the period of11thto 20th April 2017.After taking informed permission from all the participants were enrolled. A questionnaire was used to collect the dataand analyzed by using SPSS 20. A comparative test was used to compute results. Results:50 participants were interviewed for the survey. There were 25(50%) males and 25(50%) females in this research. The average age of the subject was 32.15±2.63 years. There were 22(44%) married subjects, 15(30%) hypertensive and 11(22%) smokers in this research. 28(56%) study subject were suffering from genetically inherited hypertension. .Hypertensive patients were treated with one drug therapy 35(70%) as compare with multi drug 15(30%). Prescribed drug groups of ACE Inhibitors & Beta-Blockers as 21(42%) and Diuretics given as 6(15%). Most popular drug prescribed by physicians in single drug was Captopril 11(22%) and in multi drug Spirolactone medicine was 12(24%). Conclusion:There are several recommendations and pharmacologic treatments available for decreasing the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. The most essential part of treatment hypertension, regardless of whatever medication is used, is lowering blood pressure. Physicians, other healthcare workers, and patients must communicate effectively for management of hypertension. Key Words: ACE Angiotensin-converting enzyme LMDC Lahore Medical and Dental College