The expansion of the dry grind ethanol industry provides a unique opportunity to introduce cellulose conversion technology to existing grain to ethanol plants, while enhancing ethanol yields by up to 14%, and decreasing the volume while increasing protein content of distiller's grains. The technologies required are cellulose pretreatment, enzyme hydrolysis, fermentation, and drying. Laboratory data combined with compositional analysis and process simulations are used to present a comparative analysis of a dry grind process to a process with pretreatment and hydrolysis of cellulose in distiller's grains. The additional processing steps are projected to give a 32% increase in net present value if process modifications are made to a 100 million gallon/year plant.

SSOl 000 yil~.9-g~s is by 1,1sing animal, human, and possibly some forms of vegetable waste to make methane, a fuel •that can be employed i11 srnall genera-t;ors located in or near. the cornmuni ties to be served~ Th.ismethod is oftl::!n called the gobar gas process in India since "gobarll- ,-c9-tt1e dung'.""'-.is the main ingredient. 'l'he principal alternative, and the one that has been pushed ip recent drives fo£ iriraf elec.trffication, is large-scale power works, using coal,.hydroelectric potential, atomic el1ergy, or now poss:i.biy .oil or>gas. Reliance upon the large-scale system mandates an. extensive power grid, vth.ich the local system .aces not. Tl}e Indian government is• ¢bnsidering a commitrnent to zj. sizeable small-scale power program, posstbly ifspisted.by multilateral fpteign aid. The economic basis of this decision and its ramifications for rural s.ociety>have nqt, however, been systematically assessed. In> this pap~r we will undertake a cost analysis of the two • major rural powe;t'.op{j_ons: Central power facilities and biogas

China is the world largest soybean importer and imported 93.5 Million Metric Tons (MMT) of soybeans in 2016, about 65% of global soybean imports. China imports soybeans mainly from Brazil, US, and Argentina. The shares of these three countries in China’s imports were about 44%, 42%, and 9% in 2016. Canada, Uruguay, and Russia also export soybeans to China. The shares of these countries in total Chinese soybean imports were about 2.1%, 1.9% and 0.5% in 2016, respectively.

A representative farm olicy impact model was developed using estimate farm-level effects of proposed national government olicies aimed at increasing food security through greater breacf wheat production. The four policy options analysed included the introduction o a bread wheat variev resistant to an insect pest, an unlimited availability of nitrogen fertiliser, and rationing of nitrogen fertiliser at 500 kg per farm. The various policies increased farm income between 2.45 and 18 percent, as farmers made trade-offs between the production of bread wheat and the more profitable durum wheat. Adjustments were made by farmers in the model to meet government-targeted levels of bread wheat production in order to support national food sel sufficiency at minimum cost.Simultaneously, the resources f reed were used to produce more durum wheat. The results suggest a need to analyse interregional and international comparative advantages in wheat production prior to implementing proposed policies aimed at increasing bread wheat output.linear programming an

The GTAP land use data bases provide data on land cover items including accessible forest, pasture, cropland, inaccessible forest, shrubland, savannah, and build up land areas at the Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ) level by country. In addition, they provide data on harvested area and crop production at the AEZ level by crop and country. Avetisyan et al. (2011) documented all the data sources, methods, and assumption used in developing land use data bases for 2001 and 2004. Those data sources, methods, and assumptions were used to generate a land use data base for 2007 as well (Avetisyan, Baldos, and Hertel 2011). To develop a land use data for 2011, we encountered a major obstacle. We do not have available the spatial global land cover data for 2011 by AEZ and country, which was available for the development of the previous versions of the data set (Ramankutty 2012). The gridded data base by Ramankutty (2012) cover a long time period starting from 1700 and ending in 2007. In order to solve this problem, we use the FAOSTAT data base developed by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. Currently, this data base provides land cover data at the country level up to 2011. Following the earlier versions of the GTAP land use data bases, we also rely on the FAOSTAT data to update the GTAP data on harvested areas and crops produced in 2011. This paper is divided into sections with each one covering a particular part of the update for land use database. Following are the main components: o Land cover development items by country, region and AEZ o Comparison in land cover data between 2004 and 2011 o Harvested area and crop production by country, region and AEZ o Crop production and harvested area by crop, region and AEZ o Changes in harvested area and crop production for 2004-2011 Thus, this document provides a complete description of a land use database and compares 2004 with 2011.