Genetic algorithms have demonstrated considerable success in providing good solutions to many NP-Hard optimization problems. For such problems, exact algorithms that always find the optimal solution are only useful for small toy problems, so heuristic algorithms such as the genetic algorithm must be used in practice. In this paper, we apply the genetic algorithm to the the NP-Hard problem of Multiple Fault Diagnosis (MFD). We compare a pure genetic algorithm with several variants that include local improvement operators. These operators which are often domain-specific are used to accelerate the genetic algorithm in converging on optimal solutions. Our empirical results indicate that by using the appropriate local improvement operator, the genetic algorithm is able to find an optimal solution in all but a tiny fraction of the cases, and at a speed orders of magnitude faster than exact algorithms.

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NED-2 is a Windows-based system designed to improve project-level planning and decision making by providing useful and scientifically sound information to natural resource managers. Resources currently addressed include visual quality, ecology, forest health, timber, water, and wildlife. NED-2 expands on previous versions of NED applications by integrating treatment prescriptions, growth simulation, and alternative comparisons with evaluations of multiple resources across a management unit. The NED-2 system is adaptable for small private holdings, large public properties, or cooperative managernent across multiple ownerships. NED-2 implements a goal-driven decision process that ensures that all relevant goals are considered; the character and current condition of forestland are known; alternatives to manage the land are designed and tested; the future forest under each alternative is simulated; and the alternative selected achieves the owner's goals. NED-2 is designed to link with ' The computer programs described in this document are available with the understanding that the U.S. Department of Agriculture cannot assure their accuracy, completeness, reliability, or suitability for any purposes other than that reported. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the infomation and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the U.

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