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Abstract-Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is currently one of the most widely and most demanding telecommunication applications in the world. Researchers have reported that radiation from base stations may be dangerous to public health and that some human diseases are related to RF field exposure. Considering that in the past almost all the EM radiation assessments were focused on the Maximum transmission power of base station, and no statistical analyses have been performed on transmitted power's variation with the traffic. An accurate method for predicting electromagnetic (EM) radiation from GSM base stations is proposed in this paper. It is based on the Poisson distribution of GSM-transmitted signals to calculate GSM transmitted power at different time periods. The theoretical calculation data fits well with the measurement data. Measurement results confirm that electromagnetic radiation varies with changing traffic and power density at different times with varying traffic strength is more accurate than implementing only maximum power (20 W) calculation. In some occasion, maximal power density is about 6 µW/cm 2 for 15 m in rush hours, but minimum power density is only 0.03 µW/cm 2 for 15 m in idle hours.

The nano-thick-dielectric encapsulation effects on the bulk and local refractive index sensitivity behaviors of Ag plane-nanosphere-cluster sensors (including nanosphere monomers, dimers, trimer chains and trimer equilateral triangles, four kinds of normally encountered nanoparticles in experiments) have been numerically investigated by finite element method (FEM). The encapsulation is revealed to decrease the quadratic magnitude of the refractive index responses of their peak wavelengths of localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPR), while it does not violate such quadratic response natures. Its effect on their capabilities of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) behaviors is discussed too. It is demonstrated to provide an efficient type of SERS substrate for plasmonic sensing and detections, which improves the stability of the concerned nanoparticles, and not diminish their SERS signals, in agreement well with experiments under the same nanostructure parameters. This work holds great promise for further designing SERS-based sensing/detecting substrates and sensors/detectors.