There is no recognized serum biomarker to predict the recurrence of endometrial carcinoma (EC). We aimed to explore serum human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) and cancer antigen 125 (CA125) as the biomarkers to predict and monitor recurrence of type II EC. 191 patients diagnosed with type II EC were involved for this retrospective study. Comparing recurrent with non-recurrent patients, HE4 levels resulted a statistically significant difference at primary diagnosis and recurrence, respectively (P = 0.002 and P = < 0.001), while CA125 levels resulted statistically significant (P = < 0.001) at recurrence. According to receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the areas under the curve were significant for HE4 levels at primary diagnosis and recurrence predicting recurrence. Furthermore, CA125 levels at recurrence were significant. And the combination of both markers showed the higher sensitivity and specificity than single one. Patients with higher HE4 levels were associated with worse disease-free survival and overall survival, the opposite was true for patients with lower HE4 levels. The preoperative HE4 levels could be used to evaluate the risk factors of type II EC. Which suggested that HE4 levels might associated with the prognosis of type II EC. And combination of HE4 and CA125 could be applied to monitor recurrence during follow-up.

Objective Ascites is a tumor microenvironment, ascites and massive ascites‐induce compression could promote the progression of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC); however, the impact of ascites volume on clinical outcomes has not been studied extensively. We aimed to investigate the association between ascites volume and clinical outcomes especially platinum resistance in EOC. Methods We retrospectively evaluated a total of 546 EOC patients with respect to the amount of ascites, clinicopathologic factors, and survival. Using the threshold of 1500 ml to classify patients into small‐ and large‐volume ascites groups, we analyzed the correlation between ascites volume and clinicopathological factors, including platinum‐free interval (PFI), and prognosis. Results Patients with large volume ascites were more likely to present with later stage disease, primary platinum‐resistant (PPR) cancer, and suboptimal cytoreduction. Prolonged PFI was associated with decreased ascites volume. The large‐volume ascites group showed worse progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). An increase in ascites volume was associated with an increased risk of disease recurrence (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.115, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.035–1.200) and death (HR = 1.213, 95% CI: 1.090–1.350). Conclusions Ascites was an independent predictor of PFS and OS in EOC patients. A large volume of ascites predicated a shortened PFI, an increased incidence of PPR and suboptimal cytoreduction. Thus, the volume of ascites is a simply available clinical parameter, which could be used to evaluate the prognosis and platinum resistance of EOC patients early, it contributes to formulate individualized treatment plan and improve the outcome of EOC patients.

Objective In this study, 345 patients with endometrial carcinoma (EC) were selected to investigate the correlation between ER/PR status and the EC disease-free survival (DFS) rate. Methods The intensity and proportion of tumor cell expression of estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors (ER/PR) status of 345 postoperative tumor specimens in ECs were independently assessed semi-quantitatively by two pathologists using immunohistochemistry, the summed score ranged from 0 to 8 points was worked out by adding proportion score and intensity score based on the breast cancer hormone receptor immunohistochemical Allred scoring system. The association between DFS in ECs and ER/PR expression (intensity, proportion and summed score) was assessed using Cox regression analysis. Gene expression data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas research network (TCGA). Results According to inclusion criteria, 201 type I and 144 type II EC patients were enrolled in this study. In the univariate analysis of type I endometrial carcinoma, the intensity, proportion and summed score of ER/PR status were significantly correlated with DFS. After adjusting for factors known to significantly impact survival, the influence of ER/PR status on DFS is generally decreased but the correlation is still significant. In the univariate analysis of type II endometrial carcinoma, the intensity, proportion and summed score of ER/PR status were significantly correlated with DFS. After adjusting for factors known to significantly impact survival, the influence of ER status on DFS is generally decreased, but the correlation is still significant, the effect of PR expression on DFS is not statistically significant. Conclusion Higher ER/PR expression status was associated with better DFS in patients with type I endometrial cancer after adjusting for known factors that significantly affect survival. In patients with type II endometrial cancer, patients with positive ER expression were significantly associated with better DFS. However, the effect of PR expression on DFS was not statistically significant.

Background Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal gynaecological malignancy, and there is a deficiency of information in the literature on the early recognition of short-term survivor (STS). This study aimed to identify the clinicopathological factors associated with STS in late-stage EOC and to establish a predictive model to identify STS. Methods Selected patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage III or IV EOC were included in the study, and a retrospective analysis was performed. The characteristics of the patients who survived not more than 2 years (STS) were compared to those who survived at least 2 years (defined as long-term survivors, LTS). Binary logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) were used to identify the independent prognostic factors associated with EOC and assess the predictive accuracy for STS. Results We identified 254 patients with advanced EOC including 57 STS and 197 LTS. A univariate analysis revealed that STS had a tendency to have omental metastasis and larger tumor size, to be platinum resistant, to have non-serous histology, to undergo suboptimal cytoreduction, to have comorbidity, and to undergo primary chemotherapy less than 6 courses. Binary regression analysis revealed that tumor size (P=0.033), platinum resistance (P<0.001), non-serous histology (P=0.048) and number of primary chemotherapy (P=0.028) were significant independent predictors of STS. A developed predictive model using these predictors had an AUC =0.831; platinum resistance alone had an AUC =0.732. Conclusions Tumor size, omental metastasis, platinum resistance, non-serous histology, and number of primary chemotherapy are predictors associated with STS when controlling other confounding factors. Tumor size and omental metastasis may be considered novel, important prognostic factors for advanced EOC patients. Platinum resistance was the most important prognosticator for STS; hence, more work is needed for the early identification and treatment of these EOC patients.