The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of a probiotic bacterium, Bacillus subtilis, on the growth, immune response and antioxidant activities of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Shrimps with an average initial weight of 2.11±0.17 g were randomly assigned to four groups with three replicates. The control group was fed a basal diet, and three treated groups were fed diets supplemented with B. subtilis at doses of 1 × 104, 5 × 104 and 10 × 104 colony‐forming unit (CFU) g−1 feed respectively. After 40 days of culture, 10 shrimps from each replicate were taken randomly for the determination of immune response and oxidization resistance indices. The results showed that the shrimps fed with B. subtilis at a dose of 1 × 104, 5 × 104 CFU g−1 feed showed significantly better growth than that of the control diet. The phenoloxidase activities showed a tendency to increase with an increased dose of B. subtilis in diets but there was no significant difference among the three treated groups. In addition, phenoloxidase activities were found to be significantly higher (P<0.05) in the groups treated with B. subtilis than that of the control group. Shrimps treated with 5 × 104 CFU g−1 feed probiotic bacterium showed the highest lysozyme activity and it was significantly higher (P<0.05) than the other groups. However, there was no significant difference in acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activity across all the groups. The total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in the probiotic‐treated groups were significantly increased (P<0.05) as compared with the control groups. Both maleic dialdehyde concentration and superoxide anion activities in the probiotic‐treated groups were significantly lower (P<0.05) than those of the control. The probiotic did not affect the nitric oxide synthase and the catalase activity in any of the control and treated groups. These results indicated that the probiotic B. subtilis could significantly promote the growth rate of shrimp by increasing the immune function and antioxidant capacity. The most effective dose of B. subtilis in the diet was 5 × 104 CFU g−1 feed.

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Three new oxoaporphine Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes 1–3 have been synthesized and fully characterized. 1–3 have similar mononuclear structures with the metal and ligand ratio of 1:2. 1–3 exhibited higher cytotoxicity than the OD ligand and cisplatin against HepG2, T-24, BEL-7404, MGC80–3 and SK-OV-3/DDP cells, with IC50 value of 0.23−4.31 μM. Interestingly, 0.5 μM 1–3 significantly caused HepG2 arrest at S-phase, which was associated with the up-regulation of p53, p21, p27, Chk1 and Chk2 proteins, and decrease in cyclin A, CDK2, Cdc25A, PCNA proteins. In addition, 1–3 induced HepG2 apoptosis via a caspase-dependent mitochondrion pathway as evidenced by p53 activation, ROS production, Bax up-regulation and Bcl-2 down-regulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, cytochrome c release, caspase activation and PARP cleavage. Furthermore, 3 inhibited tumor growth in HepG2 xenograft model, and displayed more safety profile in vivo than cisplatin.