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A cellulolytic bacterium, strain P2-1 T , isolated from soil in Thailand, was characterized using a taxonomic approach based on phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics and the 16S rRNA gene sequence. The novel strain was Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, spore-forming and rod-shaped. It contained meso-diaminopimelic as the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The DNA G+C content was 52.7 mol%. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. Anteiso-C 15 : 0 and iso-C 16 : 0 were the dominant cellular fatty acids. Phylogenetic analyses using the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that the novel strain was affiliated to the genus Paenibacillus. Strain P2-1 T was closely related to Paenibacillus cineris KCTC 3998 T , P. favisporus KCTC 3910 T and P. rhizosphaerae KCTC 13015 T with 96.3-96.5 % gene sequence similarity. DNA-DNA relatedness, physiological characteristics and some biochemical characteristics clearly distinguished strain P2-1 T from related species of the genus Paenibacillus. Therefore, strain P2-1 T represents a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus cellulositrophicus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is P2-1 T (5KCTC 13135 T 5PCU 305 T 5TISTR 1888 T ).The genus Paenibacillus as proposed by Ash et al. (1994) has undergone considerable changes as the number of recognized members of the genus has increased. At the time of writing, there were 94 recognized species in the genus. Members of the genus Paenibacillus have been isolated from very diverse environments such as soils, cattle faeces, dead honeybees, honeybee larvae, plant roots, food, warm springs, raw and heat-treated milk and from blood cultures (Berge et al., 2002;Chou et al., 2007;Roux & Raoult, 2004;Scheldeman et al., 2004;Shida et al., 1997; Velázquez et al., 2004). Some of these bacteria produce diverse assortments of extracellular polysaccharide-hydrolysing enzymes (Aÿ et al., 1998; Dasman et al., 2002;Zamost et al., 1991;Hespell, 1996;Lee et al., 2000;Morales et al., 1995;Nielsen & Sørensen, 1997). The cellulose-and xylan-degrading members of the genus Paenibacillus include the species P. barcinonensis, P. campinasensis, P. curdlanolyticus, P. favisporus, P. phyllosphaerae, P. xylanilyticus, P. panacisoli, P. siamensis, P. septentrionalis, P. montaniterrae, P. thailandensis and P. nanensis, as well as unidentified Paenibacillus spp. (Khianngam et al., 2009a, b;Ko et al., 2007;Pason et al., 2006;Rivas et al., 2005a Rivas et al., , b, c, 2006 Sánchez et al., 2005;Ten et al., 2006; Velázquez et al., 2004;Wang et al., 2008). In this paper, a novel cellulolytic bacterium isolated from Thai soil is described based on its phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics and on 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses.A cellulolytic bacterial strain was isolated from a soil sample collected from Pua district in Nan province, in the northern part of Thailand. The novel strain was isolated using the spread plate method on CMC agar medium (l 21 : 1 g carboxymethylcellulose, 5 g peptone, 1 g yeast extr...

A total of 39 xylose-utilizing yeast strains were isolated from herbivore faeces in Thailand. They were identified as Candida tropicalis (32 isolates), Candida albicans (1 isolate), Pichia terricola (1 isolate), Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans (2 isolates), Sporopachydermia lactativora (2 isolates) and Zygoascus meyerae (1 isolate) based on their morphological, cultural, physiological and biochemical characteristics including the sequence analysis of the D1/D2 region of the large-subunit ribosomal DNA. Thirty seven isolates could ferment xylose to ethanol. Zygoascus meyerae E23 isolated from elephant faeces produced the highest ethanol concentration (3.61 g/l after 72 h). C. tropicalis A26 isolated from cow faeces produced the highest xylitol concentration (43.79 g/l) which corresponded to 0.71 g xylitol/g xylose after 24 h. C. tropicalis A26 xylose reductase showed 98.4% identity and 99.0% similarity to C. tropicalis (ABX60132C) xylose reductase, and showed the tetra-amino acid motif (Ile-Pro-Lys-Ser) which is conserved among NADPH-dependent xylose reductase.

Fourteen novel lipomycetaceous yeasts species were isolated from soil samples collected from the Hokkaido, Chiba and Okinawa prefectures of Japan. Phylogenetic analyses of the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit rRNAs and translation elongation factor 1 alpha genes (TEF1-α) revealed that five strains of two species from the soil in Furano-shi, Hokkaido were related to Dipodascopsis anomala and 29 strains representing 12 species from soils in Kamogawa-shi, Chiba and Iriomote Island, Okinawa were in the Myxozyma clade. The two species of Dipodascopsis form globose or ellipsoid ascospores in their sac-like ascus and pseudohyphae. Furthermore, these species produce ascospores in their pseudohyphae and do not produce an acicular ascus, which is common among the three species including D. anomala. Therefore, we propose transferring D. anomala to the genus Babjevia and amending Babjevia. Two novel species were described and included in the genus Babjevia: Babjevia hyphoforaminiformans sp. nov. (holotype NBRC 111233; MycoBank no. MB 829051) and Babjevia hyphasca sp. nov. (holotype NBRC 112965; MycoBank no. MB 829053). The 12 species in the Myxozyma clade produce neither ascospores nor pseudohyphae and have different characteristics in assimilating several carbon sources from each other. Thus, we propose that the novel species of Lipomyces be classified as forma asexualis (f.a.). From Kamogawa-shi, Chiba (19 strains representing five species): Lipomyces melibiosiraffinosiphilus f.a., sp. nov. (holotype NBRC 111411; MycoBank no. MB 829034), Lipomyces kiyosumicus f.a., sp. nov. (holotype NBRC 111424; MycoBank no. MB 829035), Lipomyces chibensis f.a., sp. nov. (holotype NBRC 111413; MycoBank no. MB 829036), Lipomyces kamogawensis f.a., sp. nov. (holotype NBRC 112967; MycoBank no. MB 829037), Lipomyces amatsuensis f.a., sp. nov. (holotype NBRC 111420; MycoBank no. MB 829041). From Iriomote island, Okinawa (10 strains representing seven species): Lipomyces taketomicus f.a., sp. nov. (holotype NBRC 112966; MycoBank no. MB 829042), Lipomyces yaeyamensis f.a., sp. nov. (holotype NBRC 110433; MycoBank no. MB 829050), Lipomyces iriomotensis f.a., sp. nov. (holotype NBRC 110436; MycoBank no. MB 829045), Lipomyces haiminakanus f.a., sp. nov. (holotype NBRC 110435; MycoBank no. MB 829046), Lipomyces komiensis f.a., sp. nov. (holotype NBRC 110440; MycoBank no. MB 829047), Lipomyces nakamensis f.a., sp. nov. (holotype NBRC 110434; MycoBank no. MB 829048), Lipomyces sakishimensis f.a., sp. nov. (holotype NBRC 110439; MycoBank no. MB 829049).