This research paper empirically investigates the effects of interest rates, exchange rates and inflation rates on stock market performance of Pakistan by using annual time series data covering the 1991-2017 periods. The prime intention of this research was to inspect the long-run and short-run relationships between the KSE-100 index and macroeconomic variables by employing the econometric techniques of Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing procedure to cointegration and the Error Correction Model (ECM), respectively. By applying the ARDL model, the empirical results revealed the fact that there was a negative and significant impact of interest rate on the market index, whereas; the exchange rate and the inflation rate have a positive impact on stock market volatility in the long-run. Furthermore, the ECM analysis pointed out that an estimated coefficient of the error correction term was significant with expected negative sign and showed that 46.53% deviation of the stock market index are corrected in the short-run per year. The study recommended that the monetary authorities should further reduce the bank rate up to the lowest rate in order to stimulate the stock market performance, which in turn; will boost the existing investment level and will encourage the new investment into the stock market. In addition, this policy will also ensure in the reduction of higher inflation rates. And the study found that the reduction in bank rate and stabilization in exchange rate is essential to local and foreign investors in the short-run.

Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) are type of Intermittently Connected Networks (ICNs) featured by long delay, intermittent connectivity, asymmetric data rates and high error rates. DTNs have been primarily developed for InterPlanetary Networks (IPNs), however, have shown promising potential in challenged networks i.e. DakNet, ZebraNet, KioskNet and WiderNet. Due to unique nature of intermittent connectivity and long delay, DTNs face challenges in routing, key management, privacy, fragmentation and misbehaving nodes. Here, misbehaving nodes i.e. malicious and selfish nodes launch various attacks including flood, packet drop and fake packets attack, inevitably overuse scarce resources (e.g., buffer and bandwidth) in DTNs. The focus of this survey is on a review of misbehaving node attacks, and detection algorithms. We firstly classify various of attacks depending on the type of misbehaving nodes. Then, detection algorithms for these misbehaving nodes are categorized depending on preventive and detective based features. The panoramic view on misbehaving nodes and detection algorithms are further analyzed, evaluated mathematically through a number of performance metrics. Future directions guiding this topic are also presented.

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Abstract-Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) is newly developed branch of Wireless Sensor network (WSN).UWSN is used for exploration of underwater resources, oceanographic data collection, flood or disaster prevention, tactical surveillance system and unmanned underwater vehicles. UWSN uses sensors of small size with a limited energy, memory and allows limited range for communication. Due to multiple differences from terrestrial sensor network, radio waves cannot be used over here. Acoustic channel are used for communication in deep water, which has many limitations like low bandwidth, high end to end delay and path loss. With the above limitations while using acoustic waves, it is very important to develop energy efficient and reliable protocols. Energy efficient communication in underwater networks has become uttermost need of UWSN technology. The main aim nowadays is to operate sensor with smaller battery for a longer time. This paper will analyse various routing protocols in the area of UWSN through simulation. This paper will analyse Depth Based Routing (DBR), Energy Efficient Depth Based Routing (EEDBR) and Hop by Hop Dynamic Addressing Based (H2-DAB) protocol through simulation. This comparison is carried out on the basis of total consumed energy, end to end delay, path loss and data delivery ratio.