Data centre Ethernet (DCE) is a budding research area that has received considerable attention from the ICT sector. The traditional DCEs are considered unreliable despite being widely used in modern day data centres. In Ethernet intermediate layer 2 switching devices, the outgoing traffic is faster than the incoming traffic and therefore results in packet drops. Ethernet reliability is provided by the upper layer protocols, which is outlaw to the initial concept of the network. As such, various congestion notification (CN) techniques for hop-by-hop-based flow control have been proposed for layer 2 devices to address the issue of silent packet drops. However, a simulation-based evaluation of IEEE standards that solely focus on CN techniques remains lacking. This study investigates CN techniques for layer 2 devices that employ a hop-by-hop-based flow control. It also highlights the challenges confronting CN techniques in determining the optimal buffer threshold. In addition, FCoE protocol and its relation to CN are emphasized. A simulation-based evaluation of IEEE standards (IEEE 802.3x and IEEE 802.1Qbb) is performed on a hop-by-hop-based flow control with the traditional IEEE 802.3 Ethernet under different traffic loads. The parameters, such as throughput, end-to-end delay, and buffer space utilization, are evaluated through a simulation-based comparison.

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A Wireless Body Area Sensor Network (WBASN) is combination of numerous sense nodes, positioned onto/close or inside a person body. Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks (WBASN) is a developing automation trend that exploits wireless sensor nodes to put instantaneous wearable well-being of ill person to improve individual’s existence. The sensor nodes might be used outwardly to observe abundant health parameters (like heart activity, blood pressure and cholesterol) of an ill person at a vital site within hospital. Hence the goal of WBASN is much crucial, enhancing the lifetime of nodes is compulsory to sustain many issues such as utility and efficiency. It is essential to evaluate time that when the first node will die it we want to refresh or change the battery reason is that loss of crucial information is not tolerable. The lifetime is termed as the time interval when a first node dies out due to battery exhaustion.  In our proposed protocol life time of a network is the main concern as well other protocol related issues such as throughput, path loss, and residual energy. Bio-sensors are used for deployment on human body. Poisson distribution and equilibrium model techniques have been used for attaining the required results. Multi-hop network topology and random network node deployment used to achieve minimum energy consumption and longer network lifetime.

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) technologies are emerging with extensive applications in several domains. Health is a fascinating domain of WBAN for smart monitoring of a patient's condition. An important factor to consider in WBAN is a node's lifetime. Improving the lifetime of nodes is critical to address many issues, such as utility and reliability. Existing routing protocols have addressed the energy conservation problem but considered only a few parameters, thus affecting their performance. Moreover, most of the existing schemes did not consider traffic prioritization which is critical in WBANs. In this paper, an adaptive multi-cost routing protocol is proposed with a multi-objective cost function considering minimum distance from sink, temperature of sensor nodes, priority of sensed data, and maximum residual energy on sensor nodes. The performance of the proposed protocol is compared with the existing schemes for the parameters: network lifetime, stability period, throughput, energy consumption, and path loss. It is evident from the obtained results that the proposed protocol improves network lifetime and stability period by 30% and 15%, respectively, as well as outperforms the existing protocols in terms of throughput, energy consumption, and path loss.