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Objective: The present study aimed to quantify the effects of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) on broiler chickens' performance by employing a meta-analysis approach.Methods: A total of 16 studies were included in the database after being systematically selected using a PRISMA protocol. Hedges' g effect size was used to quantify pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) using random-effects models at 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Publication bias among studies was computed with Egger's test and visualized using funnel plots.Results: Results indicated that dietary FSBM inclusion increased final body weight (BW) (SMD = 0.586, 95% CI: 0.221 to 0.951, pP = 0.002) of broiler chickens, particularly in starter period (SMD = 0.691, 95% CL: 0.149 to 1.233, pP = 0.013) while in the finisher period, the effect was weaker (SMD = 0.509, 95% CI: 0.015 to 1.004, pP = 0.043). Average daily gain (ADF), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not affected with FSBM inclusion when compared to control. Subgroup analysis revealed that FI increased in starter period (SMD = 0.582, 95% CI: 0.037 to 1.128, pP = 0.036). When considering types of microorganism as moderating variables in the subgroup analysis, we found that Aspergillus oryzae, mixed probiotics + bromelain protease, Bacillus subtilis, and Lactobacillus bacteria were significantly increased ADG and FI (pP < 0.01). Additionally, either Bacillus subtilis + protease or Bacillus subtilis alone decreased FCR (pP < 0.001). However, metaregression analysis showed that levels of FSBM inclusion had no effects on final BW (pP = 0.502), ADG (pP = 0.588), feed intake (pP = 0.861), and FCR (pP = 0.462). Conclusion:Substituting SBM in broiler chickens' diet with FSBM improved body weight of broiler chickens, especially in the starter period whereas the effects on ADG, FI, and FCR were mostly dependentd on microbial strains used for fermentation.

A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the effects of supplementary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA ) sources in the diet on the formation of some important n-3 PUFA contents in eggs and to assess factors contributing to the conversion efficiency of omega-3 in laying hens. A dataset was constructed from 34 studies examining the impact of dietary inclusion with ingredients rich in n-3 PUFA on fatty acids profile and production performance of laying hens. The eligibility criteria were developed to obtain studies reporting required information with sufficient quality. The mixed model methodology was employed where the “study” was set as random effects and fatty acid ( FA ) supplements as fixed effects. Several factors were included in the models as covariates. Discrete analysis for sources of FA was also performed to compare their effects on FA formation in eggs. Significant linear positive associations were observed between the concentration of α-linolenic acid ( ALA ), total n-3 PUFA, and the ratio of linoleic acid ( LA ) to ALA (LA/ALA) in diets with the formation of eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ), docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ), total n-3 PUFA, and n6/n3 ratio in egg ( P < 0.05) with different magnitudes. ALA and total n-3 PUFAs concentration had no relationship with cholesterol concentration, feed intake, and egg weight. Prediction models for DHA formation was higher for ALA as predictor variables (slope = 0.482; R 2 = 0.684) than n-3 PUFAs (slopes = 0.998, R 2 = 0.628). Significant interactions were found on the level of ALA × FA sources and n-3 PUFA × FA sources. Fish oil ( P = 0.0148, R 2 = 0.732) improved the prediction equation to estimate DHA formation. To conclude, levels of ALA, n-3 PUFA, and the ratio of LA/ALA can be used as predictor variables to estimate the formation of n-3 fatty acids in eggs. It was confirmed that although all n-3 FA sources had a positive correlation on DHA and n-3 PUFA deposition, however, fish oil showed the highest prediction model for DHA formation across all FA sources included in the dataset.

<p><em><strong>Increasing the Productivity of Kampong Chicken in the Putra Budi SME’s Mojolaban District Sukoharjo Regency</strong></em>. Putra Budi Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) located in Bekonang Village, Mojolaban Subdistrict, Sukoharjo Regency, is a business unit owned by Mr Apri with traditional kampong chicken breeding with a capacity of 50-100 chickens/period. Mr Apri. Putra Budi SMEs is engaged in traditional village chicken farming with a capacity of 50-100 chickens/period. Mr Apri started this business 5 years ago, but the maintenance method is still simple and has not been carried out intensively so that the productivity is low. Chicken sales are carried out on a wholesale basis, causing lower prices. Providing feed that does not meet the standard needs of livestock. The main problem faced by Putra Budi SME’s lies in the management of native chicken maintenance which includes management of feed, cages, sanitation, selection of broodstock, and hatching which are carried out traditionally (extensively). This service aims to increase the business of native chicken cultivation by implementing intensive cultivation, diversifying the marketing pattern of native chickens, and being able to increase partner income. Some of the solutions offered are to provide broader knowledge about the management of domestic chicken rearing which is still extensive/traditional towards programmed intensive management. The result of this service activity is that SME’s can apply feed management by selecting feed raw materials around the location and the practice of compiling quality native chicken rations, broiler-type chicken maintenance systems that are free from dangerous diseases/viruses, increasing productivity, efficiency, and speed of return on investment, and can establish cooperation with restaurants or SMEs processing native chicken. Based on the economic analysis carried out, the maintenance of the Putra Budi village chickens with 200 chickens experienced a 5% depletion and earned a profit of IDR 1,400,000 per breeding period.</p>

<p><em>The research was to know the influence of the supplementation lemuru fish oil and L-carnitine on the local male ducks’ performance. The cattle used were 96 local male ducks aged 10 days. Research materials were corn, bran, concentrate 144, lemuru fish oil, and L-carnitine. The research design used was Complete Random Design with 3 treatments and 8 repetitions; each repetition contained 4 local male ducks. The treatment consisted of ration control P0 = corn, barn, concentrate and mineral; P1 = corn, barn, mineral and 4% lemuru fish oil; P2 = corn, barn, concentrate, mineral, 4% lemuru fish oil and 30 ppm L-carnitine. The investigated modifiers were feed consumption, feed conversion, daily weight increase and Income Over Feed Cost value. Data feed consumption, daily weight increase, feed conversion was analyzed using variance analysis. If there were a concrete influence, further analysis should be conducted using orthogonal contrast. Results showed that the supplementation of lemuru fish oil and L-carnitine had a very significant influence (P&lt;0.01) on feed consumption, daily weight increase and feed conversion. Further test results orthogonal contrast showed that the supplementation of lemuru fish oil and L-carnitine could decrease feed consumption, feed conversion and increase daily weight rate (P&lt;0.01) if compared control. Result Income Over Feed Cost showed that treatment with add lemuru fish oil and L-carnitine produced Income Over Feed Cost value higher if compared control. Based on the results of the research, it could be concluded that the supplementation of 4% lemuru fish oil and 30 ppm L-carnitine in ration could decrease feed consumption and feed conversion, increase daily weight rate, and the IOFC of local male ducks.</em></p>