No abstract

Objective: The present study aimed to quantify the effects of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) on broiler chickens' performance by employing a meta-analysis approach.Methods: A total of 16 studies were included in the database after being systematically selected using a PRISMA protocol. Hedges' g effect size was used to quantify pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) using random-effects models at 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Publication bias among studies was computed with Egger's test and visualized using funnel plots.Results: Results indicated that dietary FSBM inclusion increased final body weight (BW) (SMD = 0.586, 95% CI: 0.221 to 0.951, pP = 0.002) of broiler chickens, particularly in starter period (SMD = 0.691, 95% CL: 0.149 to 1.233, pP = 0.013) while in the finisher period, the effect was weaker (SMD = 0.509, 95% CI: 0.015 to 1.004, pP = 0.043). Average daily gain (ADF), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not affected with FSBM inclusion when compared to control. Subgroup analysis revealed that FI increased in starter period (SMD = 0.582, 95% CI: 0.037 to 1.128, pP = 0.036). When considering types of microorganism as moderating variables in the subgroup analysis, we found that Aspergillus oryzae, mixed probiotics + bromelain protease, Bacillus subtilis, and Lactobacillus bacteria were significantly increased ADG and FI (pP < 0.01). Additionally, either Bacillus subtilis + protease or Bacillus subtilis alone decreased FCR (pP < 0.001). However, metaregression analysis showed that levels of FSBM inclusion had no effects on final BW (pP = 0.502), ADG (pP = 0.588), feed intake (pP = 0.861), and FCR (pP = 0.462). Conclusion:Substituting SBM in broiler chickens' diet with FSBM improved body weight of broiler chickens, especially in the starter period whereas the effects on ADG, FI, and FCR were mostly dependentd on microbial strains used for fermentation.

A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the effects of supplementary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA ) sources in the diet on the formation of some important n-3 PUFA contents in eggs and to assess factors contributing to the conversion efficiency of omega-3 in laying hens. A dataset was constructed from 34 studies examining the impact of dietary inclusion with ingredients rich in n-3 PUFA on fatty acids profile and production performance of laying hens. The eligibility criteria were developed to obtain studies reporting required information with sufficient quality. The mixed model methodology was employed where the “study” was set as random effects and fatty acid ( FA ) supplements as fixed effects. Several factors were included in the models as covariates. Discrete analysis for sources of FA was also performed to compare their effects on FA formation in eggs. Significant linear positive associations were observed between the concentration of α-linolenic acid ( ALA ), total n-3 PUFA, and the ratio of linoleic acid ( LA ) to ALA (LA/ALA) in diets with the formation of eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ), docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ), total n-3 PUFA, and n6/n3 ratio in egg ( P < 0.05) with different magnitudes. ALA and total n-3 PUFAs concentration had no relationship with cholesterol concentration, feed intake, and egg weight. Prediction models for DHA formation was higher for ALA as predictor variables (slope = 0.482; R 2 = 0.684) than n-3 PUFAs (slopes = 0.998, R 2 = 0.628). Significant interactions were found on the level of ALA × FA sources and n-3 PUFA × FA sources. Fish oil ( P = 0.0148, R 2 = 0.732) improved the prediction equation to estimate DHA formation. To conclude, levels of ALA, n-3 PUFA, and the ratio of LA/ALA can be used as predictor variables to estimate the formation of n-3 fatty acids in eggs. It was confirmed that although all n-3 FA sources had a positive correlation on DHA and n-3 PUFA deposition, however, fish oil showed the highest prediction model for DHA formation across all FA sources included in the dataset.

This study aimed to determine specific growth rate and biomass cells production of probiotics bacteria isolated from Indonesian native chicken gastroitestinal tract. Three bactrias manely Lactobacillus murinus Ar-3, Streptococcus thermophilus Kp-2 and Pediococcus acidilactici Kd-6 were grown in glucose yeast peptone (GYP) medium. A mixture of probiotic bacteria base on rasio of specific growth rate were employed to the experiment for biomass production study. Fermentation was conducted in 2 litres bioreactor, and encapsulation was carried out by centrifugation. Coating process was done by skim milk/maltodextrin medium and dried with spray drying. The results showed that L. murinus Ar-3 had a generation time of 3.25 ± 0.006 hours, S. thermophilus Kp-2 3.68 ± 0.1 hours and P. acidilactici Kd-6 3.74 ± 0.04 hours, thus ratio of generation time was 1 : 1.18 : 1.16. The growth of mixture of probiotic showed the same pattern. Its cells were harvested at maximum cell yield 9.33±0.12 log 10 cfu/ml was achieved. The fermentation effiency was 51 %, the viability of mixed probiotic culture were 10.12 log 10 cfu/ml before spray and 9.12 log 10 cfu/g after spray drying or 90.11%. The stability of encapsulated probiotics in room temperature during 21 days strorage was 90.89%.

ABSTRAKProfit yang dihasilkan dari usaha budidaya itik dipengaruhi oleh manajemen budidaya yang diterapkan oleh peternak. Melalui proses identifikasi masalah dengan observasi dan Focus Group Discussion (FGD), pendampingan proses intensifikasi budidaya dilakukan untuk membekali peternak itik lokal dalam melakukan program budidaya itik yang lebih baik. Tujuan pendampingan usaha budidaya yaitu untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan peternak itik terkait dengan operasional usaha budidaya secara intensif sehingga peternak dapat meningkatkan keuntungan dan keberlangsungan usaha. Metode yang dilakukan adalah melalui pendampingan usaha intensifikasi yang meliputi pelatihan manajemen pemeliharaan itik, sanitasi dan biosecurity, manajemen kandang, pembuatan ransum, manajemen kesehatan, serta proses pemasaran ketika itik pedaging dipanen. Proses pendampingan dilakukan dengan pemeliharaan 300 ekor itik lokal Boyolali selama 45 hari dalam dua siklus produksi. Output yang diperoleh dari proses intensifikasi usaha budidaya ini antara lain adanya perbaikan standar sanitasi dan litter kandang. Selain itu, hasil panen yang diperoleh dapat ditingkatkan sesuai dengan standar performa itik lokal Boyolali, yaitu diperoleh rerata bobot panen sebesar 1,21 kg dengan nilai konversi pakan (feed conversion ratio, FCR) sebesar 3,28 dengan tingkat kematian sebesar 3,8%. Keuntungan yang diperoleh dari usaha budidaya itik intensif rata-rata adalah sebesar Rp. 1.783.500 dalam setiap periode. Disimpulkan, pemeliharaan itik intensif memberikan dampak pertumbuhan itik lebih lebih tinggi dengan masa pemeliharaan lebih singkat (45 hari) dan tingkat kematian rendah sehingga diperoleh profit yang lebih baik. Kata kunci: sistem budidaya intensif; itik lokal; peternak itik. ABSTRACTThe profit generated from the duck farming business is largely determined by management system. Following the problem identification through observation and Focus Group Discussions (FGD), facilitating intensification process in farming system was conducted to improve farmers knowledge in duck farming operation. This program amined to improve farmer knowledge on the intensive farming system thus farmer would gain more profit and sustainabile business. The mentorship program for iintensification process includes facilitation of intensive management system such sanitation and biosecurity processes, cages management, health management, and feed formulation as well as supervision on how to market the birds following harvest period. The mentoring process was carried out by raising 300 local Boyolali ducks for 45 days in two production cycles. The outputs obtained from the intensification program include improvements to sanitation standards and cage litter. In addition, the production obtained increased in accordance with the performance standards of local Boyolali ducks, as seen from the weight performance of 1.21 kg with a feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 3.28 and a mortality rate of 3.8%. The cost benefit obtained from intensive duck farming is Rp. 1,783,500 in each period. It was concluded that intensive duck rearing had a higher impact on duck growth performance with a shorter maintenance period (45 days) and a lower mortality rate so that better profits were obtained. Keywords: duck farmers; intensive farming system; local duck