No abstract

Multiple pesticides are used in vegetable and fruit cultivation worldwide, including in Thailand. A survey series on pesticide residues in vegetable and fruit samples sourced from markets in urban and rural areas of upper northern Thailand during 2007–2013. Sixteen different vegetables (n = 412) and 11 different fruits (n = 301) were analyzed for 43 pesticide residues including 20 organophosphates (OP), 6 synthetic pyrethroids, 12 carbamates, 2 abamectins, imidacloprid, dithiocarbamates, and carbendazim. Out of the 412 vegetable samples, 235 (57%) had pesticide residues and 185 (45%) had pesticide residues that exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRLs). For the fruit samples, 245 (81%) of the 301 samples had pesticide residues and 165 (55%) had pesticide residues that exceeded the MRLs. The vegetable and the fruit samples had multiple synthetic pyrethroid residues and higher levels of residues than OP and other pesticides. Among the OP pesticides, chlorpyrifos was the most frequently detected pesticide. Residue detection in the rural samples was higher than that in the urban samples. The present study found very high numbers of samples to be above the MRLs: 45% of the vegetable samples and 55% of the fruit samples. Therefore, multi-residue methods are proposed as a regular monitoring system to ensure coverage of the multiple pesticides that are commonly used in agriculture and secure the national food safety policy.