Periodontitis is a major threat to oral health, prompting scientists to continuously study new treatment techniques. The nanofibrous membrane prepared via electrospinning has a large specific surface area and high porosity. On the one hand, electrospun nanofibers can improve the absorption capacity of proteins and promote the expression of specific genes. On the other hand, they can improve cell adhesion properties and prevent fibroblasts from passing through the barrier membrane. Therefore, electrospinning has unique advantages in periodontal treatment. At present, many oral nanofibrous membranes with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and tissue regeneration properties have been prepared for periodontal treatment. First, this paper introduces the electrospinning process. Then, the commonly used polymers of electrospun nanofibrous membranes for treating periodontitis are summarized. Finally, different types of nanofibrous membranes prepared via electrospinning for periodontal treatment are presented, and the future evolution of electrospinning to treat periodontitis is described.

The nanoproducts prepared by electrospinning have a large specific surface area, adjustable porosity, and controllable structure. Therefore, electrospinning has attracted an increasing attention in the current drug delivery systems (CDDs). In general cognition, the morphology of electrospinning nanoproducts should be homogeneous and stable to provide reproducible functions. Thus, numerous studies have been conducted to overcome the generation of beads-on-the-string by optimizing experimental conditions. This review introduces a specific electrospun nanoproduct, which is beads-on-the-string nanofibers. The presence of beads in the beads-on-the-string nanofibers can effectively encapsulate the model drug, which reduce the initial burst release of the drug and provide sustained release. At the same time, the beads-on-the-string nanofibers with composite structures can modulate the release properties of model drugs in CDDs. This review mainly summarizes the current research on the preparation of beads-on-the-string nanofibers by electrospinning and the application of beads-on-the-string nanofibers in the field of drug delivery. The future challenges and opportunities of beads-on-the-string nanofibers are also anticipated.

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Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) has emerged as a promising way to improve the fuel quality of low-grade energy resource such as sewage sludge (SS) with substantial merits. Thus, it is important to establish the correlations between HTC treatment and subsequent pyrolysis/gasification of SS-derived hydrochars prepared at various HTC temperatures and HTC durations. The results showed that HTC treatment upgraded the fuel quality of SS and led to the evolution of aromatic structures. Such upgrading made SS-derived hydrochars toward the region of lignite in the Van Krevelen diagram. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that both pyrolysis and gasification reactivity had a generally negative correlation with HTC temperature. Regarding the role of HTC duration, the opposite trend was observed between pyrolysis and gasification reactivities. In general, not only the fuel properties but also the pyrolysis and gasification reactivity were dependent on HTC temperature more significantly than on HTC duration. These findings can provide an insight into thermochemical utilization of SS-derived hydrochars.