Abstract-This paper describes transform coefficient coding in the draft international standard of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) specification and the driving motivations behind its design. Transform coefficient coding in HEVC encompasses the scanning patterns and coding methods for the last significant coefficient, significance map, coefficient levels, and sign data. Special attention is paid to the new methods of last significant coefficient coding, multilevel significance maps, high-throughput binarization, and sign data hiding. Experimental results are provided to evaluate the performance of transform coefficient coding in HEVC.Index Terms-High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), high throughput entropy coder, transform coefficient coding, video coding.

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This paper overviews the motion vector coding and block merging techniques in the Versatile Video Coding (VVC) standard developed by the Joint Video Experts Team (JVET). In general, inter-prediction techniques in VVC can be classified into two major groups: "whole block-based inter prediction" and "subblock-based inter prediction". In this paper, we focus on techniques for whole block-based inter prediction. As in its predecessor, High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), whole block-based inter prediction in VVC is represented by adaptive motion vector prediction (AMVP) mode or merge mode. Newly introduced features purely for AMVP mode include symmetric motion vector difference and adaptive motion vector resolution. The features purely for merge mode include pairwise average merge, merge with motion vector difference, combined interintra prediction and geometric partitioning mode. Coding tools such as history-based motion vector prediction and bidirectional prediction with coding unit weights can be applied on both AMVP mode and merge mode. This paper discusses the design principles and the implementation of the new inter-prediction methods. Using objective metrics, simulation results show that the methods overviewed in the paper can jointly achieve 6.2% and 4.7% BD-rate savings on average with the random access and low-delay configurations, respectively. Significant subjective picture quality improvements of some tools are also reported when comparing the resulting pictures at same bitrates.