Spatial and temporal differentiation of COVID-19 epidemic spread in China and its influencing factors are analyzed. • The global and local spatial correlation characteristics of the epidemic distribution present a positive correlation. • The population inflow from Wuhan and strength of economic connection are the main factors affecting the epidemic spread. • The interaction influence of detection factors on the epidemic spread exceeds that of the single factor. • When the average temperature in winter is maintained at 11-16°C, the epidemic spread rate is higher.

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Quantitative assessment can scientifically determine the health status of a regional ecosystem, identify regional eco-environmental problems, and assist in promoting regional sustainable development and environmental management. Taking China’s important ecological function region, the Yellow River affected area as an example, this study constructed an extended evaluation index system based on the pressure-state-response framework, and remote sensing and GIS techniques were used to dynamically evaluate the spatial and temporal characteristics of ecosystem health in the study area. Furthermore, influencing factors on ecosystem health in the study area were extensively analyzed using the GeoDetector model. The results show that the ecosystem health level in the study area shows significant spatial heterogeneity from 1995–2015, and showed a fluctuating change process. Areas with large fluctuations in health level were mainly distributed in extreme climate areas, ecologically fragile areas, on plains and in hilly areas. Spatial differences of ecosystem health were well explained by using the biological abundance index, relief degree of land surface, soil type, annual average precipitation, elevation, annual average temperature, and population density. Influencing factors have significant interactive effects on ecosystem health.

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