Recent evidence suggest that our experience of time is directly and intrinsically computed within the motor system. Accordingly, a variety of studies have demonstrated that concurrent movement impacts the estimate of temporal duration, such that perceived time is shifted towards the duration of movement. In order to investigate the role of the motor system, we tested human subjects (n=40) on a novel task combining reaching and time perception. In this task, subjects were required to move a robotic manipulandum to one of two physical locations to categorize a concurrently timed suprasecond auditory stimulus as "long" or "short", relative to a running average criterion. Critically, subjects were divided into two groups: one in which movement during the interval was unrestricted and subjects could move freely to their choice, and one in which they were restrained from moving until the stimulus interval had elapsed. Our results revealed a higher degree of precision for subjects in the free-moving group. By further decomposing choice and response time data with a drift diffusion model of decision making, we identified the source of this change to a shift in the response threshold for free-moving subjects. Analysis of movement parameters revealed that eventual choice could be determined by movement parameters (e.g. trajectory, force) before the response was made, and even before the interval had elapsed, and that the variability of these movements was lower in the unrestrained group. A further experiment (n=14) verified that these findings were not due to proximity to the target, counting strategies, bias, or movement length. Our findings suggest that perceptual timing may be instantiated within the motor system as an ongoing readout of timing judgment and confidence.

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Closed repetitive gapped sequential pattern mining has been gained more and more attention in recent years, in this paper, we propose a novel method MRCGP(mining closed repetitive gapped sequential pattern based on repetition linked WAP-Tree). In the first step of MRCGP, the given sequential database is transformed into a new database in which every item is expressed by its landmark; then a positional information table(PIT) which includes all of the position information of 1-frequent items is constructed, all of the repetitive gapped 2-sequential patterns of different items (RPDI) can be obtained through searching the positional information table; following, a repetitive linked web access pattern tree (RLWAP-Tree) is built, in RLWAP-Tree, the 1-frequent items are stored as header table, the items in header table will be linked to their same items which appear earliest in each sequence corresponding to RLWAP-Tree with solid line, all of the items in RLWAP-Tree are linked to their same items in the same sequences with broken line; through mining projection tree of the existing repetitive gapped pattern recursively, we can obtain the repetitive gapped sequential pattern; at the end, we get the closed repetitive gapped sequential pattern by checking inclusion relation of any two patterns. The experiment result shows MRCGP has better time efficiency.

As an electrode material, LiFePO4 has been extensively studied in the field of energy conversion and storage due to its inexpensive cost and excellent safety, as well as good cycling stability. However, it remains a challenge to obtain LiFePO4 electrode materials with acceptable discharge capacity at low temperature. Here, micro/nano-structured LiFePO4 electrode materials with grape-like morphology were fabricated via a facile solvothermal approach using ethanol and OA as the co-solvent, the surfactant as well as the carbon source. The structure and electrochemical properties of the LiFePO4 material were investigated with x-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and the formation mechanism of the self-assembled micro/nano-structured LiFePO4 was discussed as well. The micro/nano-structured LiFePO4 electrode materials exhibited a high discharge capacity (142 mAh·g−1) at a low temperature of 0 °C, and retained 102 mAh·g−1 when the temperature was decreased to −20 °C. This investigation can provide a reference for the design of micro/nano-structured electrode materials with improvement of the electrochemical performance at low temperature.

With the rapid development of the financial market in the economic field, more and more financial problems need to be solved with mathematical knowledge. This article combines the development history and current status of each electrical appliance, from the three aspects of solvency, operating capacity and profitability. In terms of analyzing the company’s financial ratio, the company’s current ratio, asset-liability ratio, return on equity, and total return on assets of the company in the past three years were calculated.The analysis of these indicators revealed that the assets of Shanghai Liangxin Electric Co., Ltd. The debt ratio is extremely low, and the risk is small. However, in comparison with competitors in the same industry, we find that the company’s profitability is at the middle and upper levels, and the overall development trend is good in the past three years, but it is generally higher than the industry’s advanced level. Companies still need improvement.