Sanghuangporus baumii, is a widely used medicinal fungus. The polyphenols extracted from this fungus exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic effects. In this study, polyphenols from the fruiting bodies of S. baumii were obtained using the deep eutectic solvent (DES) extraction method. The factors affecting the extraction yield were investigated at different conditions. Based on the results from single-factor experiments, response surface methodology was used to optimize the extraction conditions. The scavenging ability of the polyphenols on •OH, DPPH, and ABTS+ was determined. The results showed that the DES system composed of choline chloride and malic acid had the best extraction yield (6.37 mg/g). The optimal extraction parameters for response surface methodology were as follows: 42 min, 58 ℃, 1:34 solid–liquid (mg/mL), and water content of 39%. Under these conditions, the yield of polyphenols was the highest (12.58 mg/g). At 0.30 mg/mL, the scavenging ability of the polyphenols on •OH, DPPH, and ABTS+ was 95.71%, 91.08%, and 85.52%, respectively. Thus, the method using DES was more effective than the conventional method of extracting phenolic compounds from the fruiting bodies of S. baumii. Moreover, the extracted polyphenols exhibited potent antioxidant activity.

In this paper, we demonstrate a holographic polymer-stabilized blue-phase liquid crystal grating fabricated using a visible laser. As blue phase is stabilized by the interfered light, polymer-concentration gradient is achieved simultaneously. With the application of a uniform vertical electric field, periodic index distribution is obtained due to polymer-concentration gradient. The grating exhibits several attractive features such as polarization-independency, a broad temperature range, sub-millisecond response, simple fabrication, and low cost, thus holding great potential for photonics applications.

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Vacuolar Na + /H + antiporters catalyze the exchange of Na + for H + across vacuolar membranes and compartmentalize Na + into vacuoles. They play important roles in cellular pH and Na + homeostasis. The SsNHX1 gene was previously cloned from a typical euhalophyte, Suaeda salsa. Its cloning revealed another N-terminus truncated transcript, SsNHX2. This potentially alternative splicing variant was truncated from the 49 amino acid residues (aa) of the N terminus of SsNHX1. To compare their degree of salt tolerance, we over-expressed SsNHX1 and SsNHX2 in Arabidopsis. Southern and northern blot analyses showed that both genes had been integrated into that genome and had expressed in several lines. Two types of transgenic plants grew more vigorously than the wild type (WT) under salt stress, but no remarkable differences were found between those SsNHX1 and SsNHX2 transformants. Physiological analyses also supported this phenotype. Both fresh and dry weights of the transgenics as well as their accumulations of Na + and K + under salinity were much higher than that of WT, but differences were not significant between SsNHX1 and SsNHX2 plants for any of those parameters. These results suggest that SsNHX2 is a functional Na + /H + antiporter like SsNHX1 and their levels of salt tolerance are similar.