Escherichia coli is responsible for cases of diarrhea around the world, and some studies have shown the benefits of cinnamaldehyde in the treatment of bacterial disease. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of cinnamaldehyde in mice colonized by pathogenic E. coli, as well as to provide more insights into its antimicrobial action mechanism. After determination of minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal (MBC) concentrations, the interference of cinnamaldehyde in macromolecular pathways (synthesis of DNA, RNA, protein, and cell wall) was measured by incorporation of radioisotopes. The anti-adhesive properties of cinnamaldehyde towards E. coli 042 were evaluated using human epithelial type 2 (HEp-2) cells. Intestinal colonization was tested on mice, and the effect of cinnamaldehyde on Tenebrio molitor larvae. Cinnamaldehyde showed MIC and MBC values of 780 μg/mL and 1560 μg/mL, respectively; reduced the adhesion of E. coli 042 on HEp-2 cells; and affected all the synthetic pathways evaluated, suggesting that compost impairs the membrane/cell wall structure leading bacteria to total collapse. No effect on the expression of genes related to the SOS pathway (sulA and dinB1) was observed. The compound did not interfere with cell viability and was not toxic against T. molitor larvae. In addition, cinnamaldehyde-treated mice exhibited lower levels of colonization by E. coli 042 than the untreated group. Therefore, the results show that cinnamaldehyde is effective in treating the pathogenic E. coli strain 042 and confirm it as a promising lead molecule for the development of antimicrobial agents.
Resumo: Introdução. Os rins são órgãos complexos, de grande importância e muitas funções, controla o volume dos líquidos além de produzir e secretar hormônios: a eritropoetina, a vitamina D e a renina. A doença renal crônica (DRC) é um problema de saúde pública e médica, no Brasil, a incidência e a prevalência de falência de função renal são crescentes com prognóstico ruim e os custos do tratamento altíssimos. Objetivo. Apresentar os principais marcadores bioquímicos, os medicamentos utilizados e os tipos de tratamentos realizados na insuficiência renal crônica. Metodologia. Foi realizada revisão de literatura sistemática em artigos, teses de doutorado, dissertação de mestrado e casos controles com abordagem no diagnóstico, farmacoterapêutica e principais tratamentos da insuficiência renal crônica nos bancos de dados Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde, Bireme e LILACs. Foram encontrados 125 artigos e utilizados apenas 45; os critérios de inclusão adotados foram: artigos que abordassem apenas sobre a insuficiência renal crônica, doenças de base, métodos de diagnósticos e tipos de tratamentos paliativos medicamentosos, não medicamentoso e definitivo; já os critérios de exclusão foram: trabalhos que abordassem sobre insuficiência renal aguda, doença renal em crianças, doenças que não fossem as de base e demoais públicos. grávidas com enfoque nos objetivos citados, apresentando como maior indicação para os exames bioquímicos a taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG),dosagem sérica de ureia e creatinina e a cistatina C, tratamento de hemodiálise (HD) e farmacoterapia com eritropoetina, andrógeno, estatinas e vitamina B12. Resultados e Conclusão. Portanto a pesquisa pôde mostrar que para se concluir um diagnóstico de insuficiência renal crônica existem os principais marcadores bioquímicos, bem como tratamentos medicamentoso e não medicamentoso para melhor terapia do paciente.
In addition to their use in human medicine, antimicrobials are also used in food animals and aquaculture, and their use can be categorized as therapeutic against bacterial infections. The use of antimicrobials in aquaculture may involve a broad environmental application that affects a wide variety of bacteria, promoting the spread of bacterial resistance genes. Probiotics and bacteriocins, antimicrobial peptides produced by some types of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), have been successfully tested in aquatic animals as alternatives to control bacterial infections. Supplementation might have beneficial impacts on the intestinal microbiota, immune response, development, and/or weight gain, without the issues associated with antibiotic use. Thus, probiotics and bacteriocins represent feasible alternatives to antibiotics. Here, we provide an update with respect to the relevance of aquaculture in the animal protein production sector, as well as the present and future challenges generated by outbreaks and antimicrobial resistance, while highlighting the potential role of probiotics and bacteriocins to address these challenges. In addition, we conducted data analysis using a simple linear regression model to determine whether a linear relationship exists between probiotic dose added to feed and three variables of interest selected, including specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and lysozyme activity.
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