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The current review examined theoretical and empirical adaptive training systems research. Through our review of the literature, we identified different models of adaptive training, such as the macro, micro, aptitude-treatment interaction, and two-step approaches. Additionally, we identified different learner characteristics, such as personality and prior knowledge, that can be used as the basis for tailoring instructional content or difficulty. Finally, our review revealed that several empirical questions and considerations remain, such as adaptive training system evaluation, the relative effectiveness of different approaches, and interactions between individual difference variables and those chosen for adaptation.Recently, there has been an increased demand for advanced training techniques and technologies. One potential way to improve the effectiveness of a training system is to adapt it to better suit the learner. A review of the literature reveals that there are many definitions of Adaptive Training (AT), such as Park and Lee's (2003) explanation, which states that AT methods are "educational inter-

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