C-Ti(2p)TiO 2 -200 0 C-Ti(2p) Binding Energy(ev) intensity(a.u.) (d) 408 406 404 402 400 398 396 3000 4000

Active species such as holes, electrons, hydroxyl radicals (•OH), and superoxide radicals (O 2 •− ) involved in the photodegradation process of methyl orange (MO) over TiO 2 photocatalyst were detected by several techniques. Using different types of active species scavengers, the results showed that the MO oxidation was driven mainly by the participation of O 2 •−, holes and •OH radicals. Characterized by the liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, the transversion of the degradation products with the light irradiation time was first analyzed. Combined with the measurement of oxidation reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and pH values, the degradation process of MO on TiO 2 under the effect of the active species was revealed. This was the first time that electrodes were introduced to track the degradation process in situ, and these parameters would be helpful to explain the degradation processes of other organic pollutants.

Laccases are a family of copper-containing oxidases with important applications in bioremediation and other various industrial and biotechnological areas. There have been over two dozen reviews on laccases since 2010 covering various aspects of this group of versatile enzymes, from their occurrence, biochemical properties, and expression to immobilization and applications. This review is not intended to be all-encompassing; instead, we highlighted some of the latest developments in basic and applied laccase research with an emphasis on laccase-mediated bioremediation of pharmaceuticals, especially antibiotics. Pharmaceuticals are a broad class of emerging organic contaminants that are recalcitrant and prevalent. The recent surge in the relevant literature justifies a short review on the topic. Since low laccase yields in natural and genetically modified hosts constitute a bottleneck to industrial-scale applications, we also accentuated a genus of laccase-producing white-rot fungi, Cerrena, and included a discussion with regards to regulation of laccase expression.

Oxygen vacancies induced by multi-valences of iodine in two-step hydrothermal synthesized I/TiO2 with enhanced visible photoactivity.