BIRC5 is an immune-related gene that inhibits apoptosis and promotes cell proliferation. It is highly expressed in most tumors and leads to poor prognosis in cancer patients. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the expression level of BIRC5 in different tumors and patient prognosis, clinical parameters, and its role in tumor immunity. Genes co-expressed with BIRC5 were analyzed, and functional enrichment analysis was performed. The relationship between BIRC5 expression and the immune and stromal scores of tumors in pan-cancer patients and the infiltration level of 22 tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was analyzed. The correlation of BIRC5 with immune checkpoints was conducted. Functional enrichment analysis showed that genes co-expressed with BIRC5 were significantly associated with the mitotic cell cycle, APC/C-mediated degradation of cell cycle proteins, mitotic metaphase, and anaphase pathways. Besides, the high expression of BIRC5 was significantly correlated with the expression levels of various DNA methyltransferases, indicating that BIRC5 regulates DNA methylation. We also found that BIRC5 was significantly correlated with multiple immune cells infiltrates in a variety of tumors. This study lays the foundation for future research on how BIRC5 modulates tumor immune cells, which may lead to the development of more effective targeted tumor immunotherapies.

Titanium has been widely used in prosthetic valves, but they are associated with serious defects in titanium‐based prosthetic valves, such as thrombosis, calcification, and decay. Therefore, it is very important to biofunctionalize titanium‐based valves to reduce inflammation and accelerate endothelialization of stents and antithrombosis. The titanium dioxide nanotubes were prepared from pure titanium (Ti) by anodic oxidation method in this study. The effects of titanium dioxide nanotubes on the metabolism of macrophages and the inflammatory reaction as implants were studied in vitro. The polarization state of macrophages and the ability to accelerate endothelialization were analyzed. The results demonstrated that titanium nanotubes promote M2 polarization of macrophages by inhibiting glycolysis and activating the Adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway. In general, biofunctionalization titanium with nanotube could inhibit macrophage glycolysis, reduce inflammatory factor release and promote M2 polarization by activating the AMPK signaling pathway. And endothelialization was accelerated in vitro. Our result demonstrated that titanium nanotube could act as a potential approach to biofunctionlize titanium‐based prosthetic valves for endothelialization.

A novel composite valve with controlled release OPG was prepared by introducing tissue engineering technology and nano drug-loading system to introduce anti-calcification biological factor OPG on the decellularized valve.

No abstract

Valve replacement is the mainstay of treatment for end-stage valvular heart disease, but varying degrees of defects exist in clinically applied valve implants. A mechanical heart valve requires long-term anti-coagulation, but the formation of blood clots is still inevitable. A biological heart valve eventually decays following calcification due to glutaraldehyde cross-linking toxicity and a lack of regenerative capacity. The goal of tissue-engineered heart valves is to replace normal heart valves and overcome the shortcomings of heart valve replacement commonly used in clinical practice. Surface biofunctionalization has been widely used in various fields of research to achieve functionalization and optimize mechanical properties. It has been applied to the study of tissue engineering in recent years. It is proposed to improve the shortcomings of the current commercial valve, but it still faces many challenges. This review aimed to summarize the modification strategies of biofunctionalization of biological heart valve surfaces based on tissue engineering to eliminate adverse reactions that occur clinically after implantation. Finally, we also proposed the current challenges and possible directions for future research.