ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of carbonyl sulfide (COS) on limb ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) and the associated mechanism in rats.MethodsALI was induced by bilateral hind limb I/R in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats. Sixty-four SD rats were randomly divided into the control group, I/R group, I/R + COS group, and I/R + AIR group. We observed the survival rate of the rats and the morphological changes of lung tissues, and we measured the change in the lung coefficient, the expression levels of the intercellular adhesion factor-1 (ICAM-1) protein in lung tissue, the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-lβ, and interleukin (IL)-6 in both lung tissue and serum, and cell apoptosis.ResultsLimb I/R caused significant lung tissue damage. The number of polymorphonuclear neutrophil in alveolar septa, the expression level of the ICAM-1 protein in lung tissue, the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 in lung tissue and serum, the lung coefficient, and cell apoptosis all increased. When a low dose of COS gas was administered prior to limb I/R, the variation of the above indicators was significantly reduced, while an increase in the dose of COS did not reduce the lung injury but rather increased the mortality rate.ConclusionCarbonyl sulfide is another new gaseous signaling molecule, and a low dose of exogenous COS may play a protective role in I/R-induced ALI by acting as an anti-inflammatory agent by promoting the production of antioxidants and by inhibiting the expression of adhesion molecule proteins.

Objective Surgical site infection is a common complication of surgery, especially in orthopedics. Povidone‐Iodine (PI) is one of the oldest and most commonly used disinfectants in surgery. However, the toxicity and antimicrobial effect of PI have not been discussed. In addition, no study has explored the optimum PI concentration for sterilization and tissue healing. This study explores the germicidal efficacy of different concentrations PI, in addition, the toxicity and antibacterial effects of PI irrigation in fracture surgery are also discussed. Methods Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) were used to evaluate the germicidal efficacy of PI in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the effects of PI on bacterial growth were analyzed. 2.5%, 1.25%, 0.5%, 0.25%, 0.05%, 0.025%, 0.005%, 0.0025% and 0% PI was added into the bacterial suspension, besides, the bacterial algebra and growth rate were tested. Meanwhile, the fluorescence intensity of viable bacteria was also tested to evaluate the effects of PI on bacterial survival. In vivo, first, femoral fracture with wound infection rat models were established. Second, thyroid gland sections, blood thyroxine, urinary iodine, wound local skin, muscle and bone tissue sections, serum creatinine and alanine aminotransferase, serum and bone local tissue interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), interleukin‐10 (IL‐10), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP‐2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF‐β1) were detected in rat femoral shaft fracture model with 5%, 2.5%, 0.5%, 0.05%, and 0% PI irrigation. Third, tissue bacteria culture was tested in rat femoral fracture with wound infection model with different concentrations PI irrigation. Results In vitro, 2.5%, 1.25%, 0.5% PI inhibited the growth of bacteria. 1.25%, 0.5% PI killed all the bacteria, while 0.25%, 0.05% PI had not killed bacteria after about 10 min. The iodine absorption of 5%, 2.5%, 0.5% PI irrigation did not cause thyroid injury. The 5%, 2.5%, 0.5% PI irrigation did not make serum creatinine and alanine aminotransferase abnormal and can remove bacteria from wounds. The 0.5%, 2.5% PI irrigation can promote tissue healing and increase BMP‐2, VEGF, TGF‐β1, IL‐10, in addition, decrease IL‐6. 5% PI irrigation would inhibit tissue healing, and increase IL‐6, decrease BMP‐2, VEGF, TGF‐β1, IL‐10. Conclusions Povidone‐Iodine was a widely used disinfectant and 2.5%, 1.25% and 0.5% PI could effectively kill bacteria. Five percent and lower concentration PI irrigation was safe and could not cause thyroid, kidney and liver damage. The 0.5% PI irrigation was beneficial for tissue healing but 5% PI irrigation was the opposite.

Image encryption is considered as an effective method to protect image against revealing. As a discrete dynamic system, the Life-liked cellular automaton (CA) has good chaotic performance, and has been applied for image encryption. This paper propose a robust block encryption scheme, based on reversible Life-liked CA with balanced rule. The proposed method adopts classic confusion-diffusion structure on block level, while adopts reversible Life-liked CA on pixel level. An effect permutation method is developed to reduce the iteration rounds of whole system, while the diffusion module adopts reversible Life-liked CA with balanced rule to encrypt the blocks to noise-like signals.Performance analyses show the proposed scheme have good cryptographic features, satisfactory security for defeating common attacks, and robustness to resist data loss and random noise.