Electrochemical batteries are rapidly gaining wide spread application in transportation systems as well as in the electric utility sector, and accurate battery models are need during the design stage of such systems to forecast future performance. This paper proposes a simple and yet accurate model of a sealed AGM battery. The model takes into account the nonlinear characteristics of the discharge curves, and its parameters are derived by using the manufacturer's data sheet in addition to a simple laboratory test on a 12 V, 89 Ah battery. Comparison between the measured and calculated responses to a number of different discharge profiles shows a comfortable degree of accuracy of the proposed battery model.

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Optical nanofiber (ONF) is a special tool to achieve the interaction between light and matter with ultralow power. In this paper, we demonstrate V-type electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in cold atoms trapped by an ONF-based two-color optical lattice. At an optical depth of 7.35, 90% transmission can be achieved by only 7.7 pW coupling power. The EIT peak and linewidth are investigated as a function of the coupling optical power. By modulating the picowatt-level control beam of the ONF-EIT system in sequence, we further achieve efficient and high contrast control of the probe transmission, as well as its potential application in the field of quantum communication and quantum information science using one-dimensional atomic chains.

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