Background Vaccination is effective to prevent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, there is still a risk of infection after vaccination. In clinical work, we found that newborns were positive for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) after vaccination. Objectives To determine the effect of hepatitis B vaccination on the detection of HBsAg trend in newborns. Methods We collected data at birth, history of vaccination for hepatitis B, quantitative HBsAg results, and other information about newborns born in our hospital from July 2017 to July 2020. Serum samples from healthy neonates were randomly selected to be supplemented with recombinant hepatitis B vaccine on a concentration gradient, and HBsAg was measured quantitatively. Results Data from 1417 neonates were included in the study; 306 (21.6%) were HBsAg positive within 8 d after vaccination, with levels ranging from 0.104 IU/mL to 0.339 IU/mL. The proportion of neonates with HBsAg-positive serum was significantly correlated with the level of hepatitis B surface antibodies (anti-HBs) in the serum of their mothers (P < 0.01). Experiments in vitro showed that the proportion of neonates with HBsAg-positive serum was correlated with the dose of the hepatitis B vaccine, and when the concentration of the hepatitis B vaccine reached 5 ng/mL and 10 ng/mL, the serum HBsAg levels showed a significant negative correlation with the original concentration of serum anti-HBs. Conclusions Hepatitis B vaccination can affect the level of HBsAg detected in neonatal serum, and the effect could be mitigated by delaying the measurement. Moreover, maternal anti-HBs offset the effects of neonatal vaccination on HBsAg serum levels.

Background Vasitis nodosa is a nodular lesion within the vas deferens that is characterized by a benign glandular proliferation of the vas deferens epithelium mixed with sperm and chronic inflammation. It is considered a reactive condition caused by increased intraluminal pressure. Problems in diagnosis can arise when atypical morphologic features are present or when vasitis nodosa is colonized by metastatic tumors. Case presentation: A 25-year old African American male status post vasectomy was diagnosed with obstructive azoospermia and elected to undergo a vasovasostomy. The histology of the resected specimen was consistent with vasitis nodosa, but the proliferative epithelial cells demonstrated the phenotypes of both vas deferens epithelium and mesothelium by immunohistochemistry. Conclusion This is the first reported case of vasitis nodosa expressing mesothelial markers, and it may therefore mimic mesothelial tumors such as mesothelioma and adenomatoid tumor.

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