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On the basis of an independent single-ion parameter model, the parameter k,,,, representing the salting-out of oxygen by an electrolyte, can be calculated from the individual ion parameter Hi, ionic charge zi, and stoichiometric number x, of cations and anions of the same type in the electrolyte. From extensive experimental oxygen solubility data in 68 aqueous electrolyte solutions (20 chlorides, 22 nitrates, 18 sulfates, 3 hydrogen sulfates, and 5 hydroxides) at several concentrations and measured by a photometric method at 310.2 )< with pure oxygen under atmospheric pressure, a set of relative individual ion parameters, Hi, for all of the different cations and anions of the studied electrolytes could be derived, if sodium ion is chosen as a reference ion, HNa+ = 0. Good agreement was found between predicted and experimental k,,, values of the order of f3.5%, and good agreement was also found between predicted and experimental oxygen solubilities.

Most equations used for calculation of the base excess (BE, mmol/l) in human blood are based on the fundamental equation derived by Siggaard-Andersen and called the Van Slyke equation: BE = Z x [[cHCO3-(P) - C7.4 HCO3-(P)] + beta x (pH -7.4)]. In simple approximation, where Z is a constant which depends only on total hemoglobin concentration (cHb, g/dl) in blood, three equations were tested: the ones proposed by Siggaard-Andersen (SA), the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) or Zander (ZA). They differ only slightly in the solubility factor for carbon dioxide (alphaCO2, mmol/l x mmHg) and in the apparent pK(pK'), but more significantly in the plasma bicarbonate concentration at reference pH (C7.4HCO3-(P), mmol/l) and in beta, the slope of the CO2-buffer line (mmol/l) for whole blood. Furthermore, the approximation was improved either by variation in Z (r(c)), or in the apparent pK (pK) with changing pH. Thus, from a total of seven equations and from a reference set for pH, pCO2 and BE taken from the literature (n=148), the base excess was calculated. Over the whole range of base excess (-30 to +30 mmol/l) and PCO2 (12 to 96 mmHg), mean accuracy (deltaBE, mmol/l) was greatest in the simple equation according to Zander and decreased in the following order: +/-0.86 (ZA); +/-0.94 (ZA, r(c)); +/-0.96 (SA, r(c)); +/-1.03 (NCCLS, r(c)); +/-1.40 (NCCLS); +/-1.48 (SA); and +/-1.50 (pK'). For all clinical purposes, the Van Slyke equation according to Zander is the best choice and can be recommended in the following form: BE= (1 -0.0143 x cHb) x [[0.0304 x PCO2 x 10pH-6.1-24.26] + (9.5+1.63 x cHb) x (pH -7.4)] - 0.2 x cHb x (1-sO2), where the last term is a correction for oxygen saturation (sO2). Hence, base excess can be obtained with high accuracy (<1 mmol/l) from the measured quantities of pH, pCO2, cHb, and SO2 in any sample, irrespective of whether venous or arterial blood is used.

Neuroeconomics has the potential to fundamentally change the way economics is done. This article identifies the ways in which this will occur, pitfalls of this approach, and areas where progress has already been made. The value of neuroeconomics studies for social policy lies in the quality, replicability, and relevance of the research produced. While most economists will not contribute to the neuroeconomics literature, we contend that most economists should be reading these studies.

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