At a time of uncertainty and change in Oaxaca, Mexico, mental‐health practice dovetails with political‐economic projects to reflect and produce tensions around “culture.” Promoting mental health is linked to goals for economic development, and notions of culture and modernity are co‐constructed in ways that cast culture as a barrier to mental health. “Psychological modernization” efforts therefore seek to flatten cultural difference in the interests of national advancement. Not only do psy‐services in Oaxaca provide means of self‐understanding and technologies for self‐cultivation in the context of modernity, but they also actively seek to produce the psychological conditions for modernity. Yet many professionals attribute Mexico's mental‐health problems to the very processes of modernization, development, and globalization that their projects seek to facilitate. En tiempos de incertidumbre y cambio en Oaxaca, México, la práctica de la salud mental se acopla con los proyectos económicos y políticos para reflejar y producir tensiones en torno a la “cultura”. La promoción de la salud mental está vinculada a objetivos para el desarrollo económico. Las nociones de cultura y modernidad se construyen conjuntamente en formas que configuran a la cultura como una barrera para la salud mental. Los esfuerzos de “modernización psicológica”, por lo tanto, buscan aplanar las diferencias culturales en pro del progreso nacional. Los servicios psicológicos en Oaxaca no sólo proveen medios para el autoconocimiento y tecnologías para el autocultivo en el contexto de la modernidad, sino que también buscan activamente producir las condiciones psicológicas para la modernidad. Sin embargo, muchos profesionales atribuyen los problemas de salud mental de México al proceso mismo de modernización, desarrollo y la globalización que sus proyectos intentan facilitar. [gubernamentalidad, salud mental, modernización, multiculturalidad, psicología, psiquiatría, México]
This article takes the ethnographic case of Family Constellations therapy in Oaxaca, Mexico, to demonstrate how a nonnative therapeutic practice articulates with local cultural frameworks to foster novel forms of therapeutic experience and sociality. Family Constellations in Oaxaca promotes particular forms of what I call “psy‐sociality,” or sociality generated by globalizing psy concepts, diagnoses, and practices, which produce new sites for self‐work and subject‐formation, but also for jointly processing social suffering, familial conflict, and psychological distress in culturally salient ways. First, participants socialize in a structured way that promotes embodied connection to others. Second, participants are socialized into gendered ways of speaking, knowing, interpreting, and acting upon the self and the family. Finally, participants are also given explicit guidance for how to confront current sociofamilial conflicts with which they are grappling. In the process, participants localize this foreign therapy according to the context of present‐day Mexico. [healing, globalization, family, sociality, self, Mexico] Este artículo toma el caso etnográfico de la terapia de Constelaciones Familiares en Oaxaca, México, para demostrar cómo una práctica terapéutica no originaria del lugar se articula con marcos culturales locales para fomentar nuevas formas de sociabilidad y experiencia terapéutica. La terapia de Constelaciones Familiares en Oaxaca promueve formas particulares de lo que yo llamo “psicosocialidad”, o socialidad generada por la globalización de conceptos, diagnósticos y prácticas psicológicas que producen nuevos escenarios para el trabajo con uno mismo y la formación de sujetos, pero también para procesar de manera conjunta el sufrimiento social, los conflictos familiares y la angustia psicológica en formas culturalmente notables. En primer lugar, los participantes socializan en una forma estructurada que promueve la conexión corporal con otros. En segundo lugar, los participantes son socializados a través de maneras de hablar, conocer, interpretar y actuar con respecto a sí mismos y a la familia relacionadas con el género. Por último, los participantes también reciben instrucciones explícitas sobre cómo confrontar conflictos sociofamiliares actuales con los que están lidiando. En el proceso, los participantes adaptan esta terapia extranjera al contexto del México actual.
This article examines experiences of returned migrants seeking mental health care at the public psychiatric hospital in Oaxaca, Mexico. Approximately one-third of the hospital's patients have migration experience, and many return to Oaxaca due to mental health crises precipitated by conditions of structural vulnerability and "illegality" in the United States. Once home, migrants, their families, and their doctors struggle to interpret and allay these "transnational disorders"-disorders structurally produced and personally experienced within the borders of more than one country. Considering how space and time shape illness and treatment among transnational migrants, I contend that a critical phenomenology of illegality must incorporate migrant experience and political economy on both sides of the border before, during, and after migration.
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