Most research concluded that the development of Islamic tourism was associated with business and economic factors, namely the matter of seeking benefits from the development of Muslim tourism behavior. Research on Islamic tourism only made the connection between religion and tourism behavior but it did not examine the increasing awareness of Muslims in their obedience to sharia. This article aimed to compare the results of research on the development of Islamic tourism in various countries, both those with a majority of Muslim population and those which are not. This study applied a qualitative approach and chose a literature study to examine the data. In addition, research studies on the development of Islamic tourism provided other variations of the causes of the tourist variants development, namely political factors. The development of Islamic tourism in North Africa, Middle East and Asia, in general, is an impact of Islam after the WTC tragedy and in Thailand, Islamic tourism is part of conflict resolution in Southern Thailand.

Historical novels help to fill the gap in exploring social facts or mental facts that are not recorded in document sources. As the formulation of the problem in this study is "What is the socio-cultural narrative of the Indonesian national movement from the perspective of historical novels (1900-1942)?". The approach used in this study is a qualitative approach. In this study, researchers will describe the picture as it is for the reality of the period of the National Movement in Indonesia (1900-1942) from the Historical Novel's Perspective. Researchers chose the historical method as a research method and the study of literature as a research technique. The results showed the social and cultural settings depicted in historical novels such as: modernization, westernization, romanticism, Western arrogance, the press and ideas, sense of inferiority of colonized nations, social stratification, discrimination, education, ethical political atmosphere, the emergence of Japan as an economic power , and the emergence of anti-Chinese sentiments.

This study focuses on how students respond to brain-based learning (the BBL) in History teaching to enhance cognitive, social, reflective, emotional, and physical aspects. The study used a survey-based approach and collected data  through questionnaires, interviews, and two-month observations of three participating schools.  Findings indicate that the teaching-learning process using  the BBL approach helps educators understand students’ different characteristics and build a conducive classroom atmosphere that facilitates cooperation, historical reflection, as well as historical fact memorizing skills. However, it appears that this approach has not  addressed students’ emotional intelligence, historical empathy, and stress management. Findings show that the students were still anxious when facing a History test involving a vast amount of data that required them to memorize facts even though they had been provided with  training on different memorizing techniques.  In addition, the students were not guided to express their feelings about a  particular historical phenomenon.            Keywords: brain, history, learning, memorizing, textbook.

Abstract-Social Studies learning has a role in maintaining the national integration and developing the citizens' characters. The problem is that education hasn't yet succeeded in developing the education of values of whether in the family, school or community. Social Studies book is a learning tool commonly used in schools serving to support the learning process and a means of value inheritance. The macro formulation of this study is "How to inculcate multicultural values in Social Studies textbooks through a brain-based learning approach?". This study applied research and development approach model where the processes refer to the cycle forms based on the research findings of the study which is then developed into a product. The applications of Neuropedagogy in Social Studies books can be: Quotes, timeline, news flash, moral value, behind the figures, mind map, caricature, humor, contemporary issues, if history, and memorizing strategy.

Indonesian revolution in 1945-1949 is a remarkable moment for all of Indonesian people which is full of heroic spirit. Interestingly, Pramoedya portrayed the revolution moment in the novel entitled “Di Tepi Kali Bekasi” with different point of view in which he used a sarcasm style of language to depicts the conditions and deliver his critics about behaviors of people from various clusters at that time. Therefore, this current study is motivated by interest to explore how satirical narrative is used in the novel. A qualitative content analysis with context unit was employed as a research method to describe and analyze in detail the description and characteristics of satire in the novel. Specifically, a concept of satire intended in this study is sarcasm, social criticism, and irony. Based on the results of analysis, there are some satirical elements in the novel namely social chaos, public unrest, bandits and robbery, betrayal, generation conflicts, youth nationalism, and immoral behavior and corruption of the army. In addition, according to Pramoedya's view, revolution is considered as an animalistic age where the revolution of soul is more important and needed by the nation instead of the armed revolution. Due to those facts, independence remains as a fake independence where unheard voice of the periphery and moral destruction are still the main problem. Generally, it is found that the satirical root in the novel is laid on two things namely Pramoedya's direct experience as a soldier and his ideas he wants to convey in the novel.Kata Kunci: Di Tepi Kali Bekasi, novel sejarah, Pramoedya Ananta Toer, satireCHAOS, DEKANDENSI MORAL, DAN PENGKHIANATAN(Satir dalam Novel Di Tepi Kali Bekasi karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer)AbstrakRevolusi fisik 1945-1949 merupakan periode yang disakralkan dan digambarkan penuh dengan semangat kepahlawanan. Namun, Pramoedya menggambarkan revolusi Indonesia dalam novel di Tepi kali Bekasi dengan gaya bahasa satir yang berisi kritikan tajam dan ironi terhadap perilaku berbagai kalangan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan narasi satir dalam novel Di Tepi Kali Bekasi karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis isi kualitatif untuk menggambarkan dan menganalisis secara detail deskripsi dan karakteristik satir dalam novel. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah unit konteks. Konsep satir yang dimaksud adalah sindiran, kritik sosial, dan ironi. Unsur satir yang terdapat dalam novel adalah kekacauan sosial (chaos), keresahan masyarakat, bandit dan rampok, pengkhianatan, konflik generasi, nasionalisme pemuda, serta perilaku amoral dan korupsi tentara. Cara pandang Pramoedya mengenai revolusi adalah revolusi sebagai zaman kebinatangan, revolusi jiwa lebih berhasil daripada revolusi bersenjata, kemerdekaan hanya kemerdekaan semu, suara kaum pinggiran, dan kehancuran moral. Akar satir dalam novel Di Tepi Kali Bekasi bertumpu pada dua hal, yaitu pengalaman langsung Pramoedya sebagai tentara dan gagasan-gagasan yang ingin disampaikannya dalam novel.Kata Kunci: Di tepi kali bekasi, novel sejarah, Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Satir