The prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity has risen during the last 30 years, not only in children with type 2 diabetes, but also those with type 1 (T1D) and this is linked with an increased cardiovascular risk. A better understanding of weight patterns in the years after diagnosis of T1D is important to identify those children with a risk for excess weight gain and strategies to decrease this. We retrospectively analyzed data of all children with T1D followed at the department of Pediatric Endocrinology Leuven and diagnosed between 1991 and 2015. Data as age, sex, BMI, and Tanner score were extracted in 390 subjects. Standardized BMI (BMI SDS) in this study group using all data was 0.26. An increase in BMI SDS was seen as a function of time since diagnosis and age, both being independent predictors. Data comparison showed a significant stronger relation between BMI SDS and both time since diagnosis and age in girls. Children diagnosed after puberty showed a higher increase in BMI SDS.Conclusion: These longitudinal data suggest an important increase in BMI in children with T1D, both as a function of time since diagnosis and age, especially in girls. What is Known: • The prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity is risen during the last 30 years, in children with type 2 diabetes, but also those with type 1 diabetes. What is New: • Our study demonstrates with longitudinal data an increase in BMI in children with type 1 diabetes, especially girls. The increase in BMI SDS is seen as a function of time since diagnosis and age, both being independent predictors. Given the increased risk of metabolic syndrome and other complications in overweight children, special attention is needed to prevent this evolution.

The RH-PAT technique is used as a non-invasive test to assess for early vascular changes in high-risk patient groups. Endothelial dysfunction, measured by RH-PAT, was present in diabetic adolescent, especially in the female subgroup. Although additional longitudinal studies are required, early detection of this reversible process may have therapeutic and prognostic implications.

Obesity is a problem with great importance and certain actuality in the field of paediatric pathology because of its increased incidence in children and its complications. Fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) genes are related with weight gain and obesity during childhood, being correlated with body mass index (BMI) and leptin levels.The aim of our study was to establish the role of the polymorphisms of rs9939609 and rs17817449 FTO genes in determining obesity in a child population from Romania. Methods We assessed 225 hospitalised children in a tertiary emergency paediatric hospital divided into: control group -110 patients with normal nutritional status and obese group -105 patients. The two groups underwent the evaluation of FTO rs17817449 and rs 9939609 SNP, and the measurement of anthropometric parameters [ Background and aims Reactive hyperemia-peripheral artery tonometry (RH-PAT) is a non-invasive method for endothelial function assessment. The goal of this study is to investigate endothelial function as assessed with the RH-PAT in control adolescents and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) or overweight. Methods RH-PAT score and baseline pulse amplitude was measured after an overnight fast in 25 control subjects (age 12-20 years), 34 adolescents with T1D and 27 adolescents with overweight or obesity.Results RH-PAT score was lower in adolescents with T1D compared to healthy controls ( 1. Conclusions Endothelial dysfunction, quantified by lower RH-PAT score or higher baseline pulse amplitude, was observed in both adolescents with T1D and with overweight. Early detection of vascular changes in these high-risk patient groups may allow targeted interventions to reduce cardiovascular disease in adulthood.