A significant proportion of schoolchildren still have ID or EII in the northeast region of Brazil, emphasizing the importance of committed public policies to address this problem. Socioeconomic factors and the lack of education about nutritional importance of iodine were important influencing factors in the presence of ID in schoolchildren.

Monocrotaline (MCT) and its pyrrole derivative, dehydromonocrotaline (DHMC), interact with molecular targets in cells of the central nervous system. DHMC presents higher toxicity than MCT indicating that its metabolism of MCT is a critical step of this alkaloid toxicity. This study sought to elucidate the metabolism and the toxicity of MCT in C6 astrocyte cell line and primary cultures of rat astrocytes by investigating metabolic enzymatic mechanisms of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) system and conjugation with glutathione. Treatment with omeprazole (OMP) (20 μM), a non-specific inducer of CYP450 induced approximately 10-fold increase in CYP1A1 activity after 2 h of treatment. Similarly, the 7-Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity was induced by treatment with MCT (100-500 μM), indicating that the P450 CYP1A1 isoform was active and involved in the metabolism of MCT. Analysis of conjugation with glutathione showed a significant depletion of GSH after MCT (500 μM) treatment, and this was partially reversed by pretreatment with a P450 inhibitor (cimetidine 100 μM). These results suggest that not only the alkaloid MCT but, also its metabolite may deplete GSH. Rosenfeld staining showed intense vacuolization after MCT treatment, which was partially inhibited in the presence of a P450 activator. MTT test showed that association of MCT with OMP induced a reduction in cell viability in C6 and primary astrocytic cells. These results demonstrate that MCT is metabolized by astrocytic CYP1A1 to generate metabolites that can deplete GSH. Moreover, changes in the activity of the P450 enzymes interfere with the cytotoxic effects induced by the alkaloid.

Objective The present study aimed to identify possible phenotypic changes in 4T1 (murine mammary adenocarcinoma) cells in vitro, including viability, HER-2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor-type 2) expression, and metastatic potential, after treatment with Carcinosinum in different homeopathic dilutions (12cH, 30cH, 200cH) shaken mechanically in pure, sterile, water from a commercial stock dilution. Method Treated cells were cultured in R10 medium, using 24-well plates, 105 cells per well, and treated with vehicle, Carcinosinum 12cH, 30cH or 200cH; untreated cells were used as the baseline control. After 24 hours of treatment, the percentage of apoptotic cells was analyzed by annexin V. Cell morphology was evaluated by microscopy after hematoxylin-eosin and Giemsa staining, whilst HER-2 expression was assessed using immunocytochemistry. The metastatic potential was determined by the expression and activity of the enzyme matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) using zymography. The cytokine profile was established using the cytometric bead array method. Result Treatment of 4T1 cells in vitro with Carcinosinum 30cH produced an increase in the number of annexin V-positive cells (apoptosis) and decreased expression of proactivated MMP-9. Cells treated with Carcinosinum 200cH presented hyper-expression of HER-2 on the plasma membrane, identified by immunocytochemistry. There were no differences in cytokine production among treatments. Conclusion The data show promising results for Carcinosinum 30cH in vitro, but in vivo studies are also required to evaluate the role of tumor microenvironment in its effects.

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Introducción: En la actualidad, la salud de las mujeres indígenas ha ido ganando su espacio, siendo designada por la creación de políticas de atención a la mujer. Objetivo: Identificar las acciones del equipo de enfermería en la población de mujeres indígenas. Método: Se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo de análisis de datos. Tiene como criterio de inclusión artículos en portugués, retirados en los últimos 10 años, con el tema principal: salud de la mujer, salud de las poblaciones indígenas y enfermería. Resultados: Se recogieron tres artículos a texto completo de las bases de datos nacionales en portugués del Banco de Datos de Enfermería (BDENF). El criterio de inclusión fueron los artículos de los últimos diez años, completos e indexados, que contienen como tema principal: la salud de la mujer, la salud de las poblaciones indígenas y la enfermería. Conclusión: Se concluye que debido a los hechos mencionados que la información de la salud de la mujer indígena y la atención de enfermería a esta población son aún escasas, ante los errores en el modelo de salud que se ofrece en estas cuestiones asistenciales y administrativas, que afectan a la salud y calidad de vida, trayendo una preocupación en la salud de la mujer indígena. Y los desafíos para el profesional para trabajar en los pueblos, debido a la improvisación y la inseguridad de las mujeres indígenas debido al miedo y la inseguridad de lo desconocido debido a su cultura y la falta de información básica.