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This chapter presents an introduction to Murray's involvement in politics, and focuses particularly on his friendship with Bertrand Russell. Gilbert Murray and Bertrand Russell met in February 1901 at Newnham College, Cambridge, where Murray was giving a reading of part of his translation of the Hippolytus of Euripides. Russell was cousin to Murray's wife, Lady Mary Howard, and had known of Murray's classical studies and research on that account. At this point they began an epistolary friendship that lasted until Murray's death in 1957. There are two ways of seeing how the Murray-Russell friendship continued and flourished despite occasional political differences. There is, first, the matter of their ‘fundamental’ liberalism. Second, the correspondence between the two, along with their published output, suggests they agreed fundamentally about ‘philosophy’, and understood each other broadly.

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Political, economic, and social explanations of higher education reform, and the very definition of "reform," are the main departure points of this volume. The introduction uses the examples of Canada, Austria, Germany, and Japan to show that in all these countries, reform has meant reduced state funding and control and increased reliance on market mechanisms, private sources of funding, and new forms of university governance and management.

Louis Liard ( 1846Liard ( -1917 was a highly successfUl civil servant in Third Republic France, despite his modest origins in the quiet Norman ci9J of Falaise. His eventual appointment as Director of Higher Education for all France was made possible by his earlier success as Recteur of the Acadhnie of Caen in the 1 880s. Liard's canny abili9' in Caen to balance socia~ religious, and demographic forces marked him out for preferment. Liard fUrthermore gwe his work a basis in logically persuasive educational and moral theory. 1hus Liard's ambition and opportunism had a sharp philosophical edge, and that edge made him unstoppabk in the world of French educational bureaucracy.