This book explores the domestic foundations of the immense growth of central European Habsburg power from the rise of a permanent standing army after the Thirty Years War to the end of the Napoleonic wars. With a force that grew in size from around 25,000 soldiers to half a million in the War of the Sixth Coalition, the Habsburg monarchy participated in shifting international constellations of rivalry and in some two dozen armed conflicts. Raising forces of such magnitude constituted a central task of Habsburg government, one that required the cooperation of society and its elites. The monarchy’s composite-territorial structures in the guise of the Lower Austrian Estates—a leading representative body and privileged corps—formed a vital, if changing, element underlying Habsburg international success and resilience. With its capital at Vienna, the archduchy below the river Enns (the historic designation of Lower Austria) was geographically, politically, and financially a key Habsburg possession. Fiscal-military exigency induced the Estates to take part in new and evolving arrangements of power that served the purposes of government; in turn the Estates were able in previously little-understood ways to preserve vital interests in a changing world. The Estates survived because they were necessary, not only thanks to their increasing financial potency but because they offered a politically viable way of exacting ever-larger quantities of money and other resources from local society. These circumstances persisted as ruling became more regularized and formalized, and as the very understanding of the Estates as a social and political phenomenon evolved.

No abstract

No abstract

This is a study of Central European nobles in revolution. As one of Germany's richest, most insular and most autonomous nobilities, the Free Knights in Electoral Mainz represented the early modern noble ideal of pure bloodlines and cosmopolitan loyalties in the old society of orders. But this world came to an end with the outbreak of the revolutionary wars in 1792. Quite apart from the social, economic and political dislocations and loss, the era from 1789 to 1815 also meant a cultural reorientation for the nobility. William D. Godsey, Jr. here explores how nobles in post-revolutionary Germany gradually abandoned their old self-understanding and assimilated with the new cultural 'nation' while aristocrats in the Habsburg Empire, which had taken in many emigres from Mainz, moved instead towards supranationalism. This is a major contribution to debates about the relationship between identity, cultural nationalism, supranationalism and religion in Germany and the Habsburg Empire.

No abstract