ABSTRACT. The two primary means for accomplishing Open Access (OA) goals are the "author pays" or Gold model and the "self-archiving" or Green model, both of which can have variations or hybrids. There is a growing schism between proponents of the Gold and Green models. Scholar uptake on self-archiving has been very limited. At the same time, a great deal of concern has been expressed regarding the Gold model, particularly with regard to cost and the role of peer-review lite journals. With the evolving OA environment as a backdrop, the authors conducted a survey of university engineering faculty in order to better understand their OA practices and attitudes. The scholarly communication needs and activities of engineering faculty are more diverse than other scholars in that they have a broader and more varied literature, which includes journal articles, conference papers, technical reports, standards, handbook information, patents, and grey literature. The survey was comprised of 12 Likert scale questions and 3 open comment questions. The results of the survey of engineering faculty were consistent with other studies that have revealed concerns over the author pays model and a reluctance to self-archive in the university institutional repository (IR). Survey results showed that engineering faculty do not extensively publish in author pays Gold journals and had limited plans to do so in the future. In line with other studies, the survey revealed that there was a lack of familiarity with campus IRs and a very small uptake rate for depositing research output in institutional repositories.

The University of Illinois at Urbana-

Computer he most important recorded information medium on the Internet, and in the world at large, is the document. Although text might seem prosaic in contrast to multimedia objects, it is still the major medium for communicating information. Internet document retrieval can draw upon years of research results and practical experience in on-line information access as well as from traditional physical libraries, The technology for text information retrieval is far more mature than that for other media. Therefore, documents are also the best vehicle for investigating problems specific to digital libraries, such as the federation problem of making distributed collections of heterogeneous materials appear to be a single integrated collection.The Digital Library Initiative (DLI) project at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is developing the information infrastructure to effectively search technical documents on the Internet. We are constructing a large testbed of scientific literature, evaluating its effectiveness under significant use, and researching enhanced search technology. We are building repositories (organized collections) of indexed multiplesource collections and federating (merging and mapping) them by searching the material via multiple views of a single virtual collection.Developingwidely usable Web technology is also a key goal. Improving Web search beyond full-text retrieval will require using document structure in the short term and document semantics in the long term. Our testbed efforts concentrate on journal articles from the scientific literature, with structure specified by the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML). Our research efforts extract semantics from documents using the scalable technology of concept spaces based on context frequency. We then merge these efforts with traditional library indexing to provide a single Internet interface to indexes of multiple repositories.Our project focuses on developing a large-scale infrastructure adequate for solving real-world problems. The Testbed part of the project is based in the University Library in a new facility that showcases engineering and science information and literature. We are placing article files into the digital library on a production basis in SGML directly from major engineering and science publishers. The National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) is developing software for the Internet version in an attempt to make server-side repository search as widely available as its Mosaic software made client-side document browsing1 The Research section of the project is using NCSA supercomputers to compute indexes for new search techniques on large collections, to simulate the future world, and to provide new technology for the Testbed section. FEDE~S~~~~~T E D REPOSITORIES A traditional physical library is a single repository for materials from many sources to which a user comes seeking information. A repository is

Academic libraries are transitioning from access systems based on federated, broadcast search technologies to Web-scale discovery systems with central, aggregated indexes. It is important to understand user information seeking behaviors, but knowledge of user searching patterns in online catalogs is incomplete and contradictory. The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library has been collecting custom transaction log data from a main gateway built around the Easy Search (ES) federated search system. ES provides contextual search assistance suggestions that facilitate search reformulation and performs added title and phrase searches. An analysis of the transaction logs has revealed information on user search characteristics and search assistance usage. These findings show the importance of known-item searching, including journal, book, and article title searches. The Illinois team has been working with Web-scale discovery system vendors on a hybrid approach that incorporates search assistance and recommender elements with Web-scale aggregation and blended result displays.

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