Variable density flow and solute transport simulation of aquifer systems containing narrow transition zones between freshwater and saltwater requires particular attention to certain aspects of the numerical method and its application to be successful. Typically, only cases involving wide transition zones have been simulated with variable density transport models, possibly because of inaccuracies in the modeling approaches used. The major components of a successful approach are threefold. First, functionally consistent approximation of terms involved in fluid velocity calculations is necessary. In the case of Galerkin finite element methodology, a significant modification is required to the standard approach in order to achieve consistency. Second, the simulator must be verified in a particular series of tests. The usual tests using Henry's problem for verification of density-dependent transport simulators are inadequate to check for consistency of the velocity approximations and for the accuracy of simulating flow driven by bouyancy forces. Third, adequately fine spatial discretization is required when applying the simulator for spatial stability of the numerical transport solution and to allow accurate representation of narrow transition zones and the effects of low transverse dispersivity. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated through simulation of the flow of fresh and saline groundwater in the layered basalt aquifer of southern Oahu, Hawaii. The transition zone in this regional flow system is narrow except near the discharge area where it is broadly dispersed. Simulation of this common situation with an inconsistent approximation gives grossly incorrect results, while simulation with a consistent model provides a robust tool for analysis of system hydrology. 1851
The incidence of sickness benefits is higher among female and older workers. Economic activities show great variability of sickness benefit rates, work-relatedness, diagnostic categories, and gender.
O Instituto Nacional de Seguro Social do Brasil usa o Nexo Técnico Epidemiológico Previdenciário (NTEP) desde 2007 para associar riscos de ocorrência de incapacidade laboral com classes de atividades econômicas. Este trabalho visou a identificar os principais riscos desse tipo nas empresas brasileiras. Realizamos um estudo de coorte censitária dinâmica, com dados nacionais secundários: o Sistema Único de Benefício (SUB) e o Cadastro Nacional de Informações Sociais (CNIS). O número de identificação do trabalhador (NIT) permitiu vincular a ocorrência de condições incapacitantes (Classificação Internacional de Doenças, 10ª revisão - CID-10) com as atividades econômicas (Classificação Nacional de Atividades Econômicas - CNAE). O NTEP foi estabelecido com os maiores riscos entre as sete classes CNAE mais populosas e sete maiores grupos CID-10 entre os benefícios previdenciários de 2000 a 2016. O Brasil teve no período uma população de empregados segurados de 30.815.310,06 vínculos-médios ao ano com 512.967.233,15 vínculos-dias. As CNAE mais populosas foram: “comércio varejista - hipermercados”, “transporte rodoviário coletivo de passageiros”, “bancos múltiplos, com carteira comercial”, “abate de suínos e aves”, “seleção e agenciamento de mão de obra”, “coleta de resíduos não perigosos” e “fabricação de automóveis, camionetas e utilitários”. As condições incapacitantes mais prevalentes foram: dorsopatias, traumatismos do punho e da mão, traumatismos do joelho e da perna, transtornos dos tecidos moles, transtornos do humor, artropatias e transtornos neuróticos. Entre as 49 combinações de CID-10 e CNAE estabeleceu-se o NTEP para 27 (55,1%). O estudo ratifica a acurácia e consistência do NTEP para identificar riscos e frações etiológicas.
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