ABSTRACT. The European Union (EU) is reforming its public services and suggesting PublicPrivate Partnerships (PPPs) as a solution for producing high quality and cost effective real estate service delivery. However, the use of PPP approach in real estate industries has been found to have significant constraints related to the end-users' (general public's) perspective. The purpose of the paper is to show how PPP projects have failed to produce desirable characteristics expressed in purchasing processes and fulfilment of the end-user expectations. While the customer-oriented development of public services and the needs of the end-users were noted to be crucial points in all five major Finnish PPP projects studied, the case studies pointed out a fundamental lack of understanding and maintaining the end-user perspective through the tendering and evaluation processes. Especially, in the final stage of evaluation, and evaluation criteria used to decision making, the disappearance of the end-users' perspective was evident. The findings are further used to develop a new suggested Public-PrivatePeople Partnership (4P) model. The results can be useful to the public sector's purchasers and to the private sector's providers to understand the limitations of current PPP practices and to further develop their practices towards more customer-oriented service production.

This paper examines the possibility of Public‐Private‐People partnership (4P) model as a way to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from residential developments. The case project focuses on the energy system design as a part of urban planning. Based on the case experiences, the paper presents a 4P framework for low‐carbon residential development systems. The theoretical model was tested in one specific case project, Nupurinkartano. The major findings were that the 4P framework is a relevant tool for decreasing carbon emissions when planning a new development; the applied solution delivered an energy system design that could reduce the CO2 emissions of the development by 75%. Based on literature this paper suggests that a new development should be viewed as one system instead of several different subsystems. The paper concludes by suggesting that 4P offers an alternative approach for urban planning, specifically energy system planning, and it can deliver significant improvements in carbon efficiency. Santruka Šiame darbe nagrinejama galimybe viešojo ir privataus sektoriu bei žmoniu partnerystes (angl. Public‐Pri‐vate‐People Partnership ‐ 4P) modeli taikyti kaip būda mažinti anglies dvideginio emisijas gyvenamuosiuose rajonuose. Pasirinktame projekte daugiausia demesio skiriama energetikos sistemos projektavimui, kuris yra miestu planavimo dalis. Remiantis atvejo patirtimi, darbe pristatoma 4P struktūra, skirta mažai anglies dvideginio išmetančioms gyvenamuju rajonu sistemoms. Teorinis modelis išmegintas pasirinkus konkretu projekta Nupurinkartano rajone. Padaryta išvada, kad, planuojant nauja rajona, 4P struktūra — tinkama priemone mažinti anglies dvideginio emisijas. Pritaikius ši sprendima buvo parengtas energetikos sistemos projektas, CO2 emisijas rajone galintis sumažinti 75 proc. Remiantis literatūros šaltiniais šiame darbe teigiama, kad nauja rajona reiketu traktuoti kaip viena sistema, o ne kelis skirtingus posistemius. Darbas baigiamas teigiant, kad 4P — tai alternatyvus miestu, ypač energetikos sistemu, planavimo būdas, galintis suteikti galimybiu veiksmingai mažinti anglies dvideginio emisijas.

Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to examine the identification and engagement of future inhabitants in planning processes for residential developments using a new ''4Ps'' participation method, where the 4Ps denote public, private and people are in partnership. This form of participation gives new information, related to consumers' residential choice, unlike those environments produced by using other participation methods. Design/methodology/approach -The empirical study is based on innovation theory where endusers are primary stakeholders in the innovation process, and even innovators themselves. A case study of a new participation method based on a two-phase internet questionnaire is used to research practical solutions in integrating end-users into urban planning process. Findings -This paper demonstrates that the widely used theory of communicative action in planning and its aim of increasing citizens' activity in planning and development processes can be developed to the stage that it also includes future inhabitants as stakeholders. Thus urban planning processes become innovative and customer-oriented through their openness, end-user orientation and interpretative nature. Originality/value -The case study findings indicate that the new participation method described here gives flexibility and benefits to all stakeholders and is a method to create consumer-desirable neighbourhoods. Engaging future inhabitants in planning processes opens previously unseen potential for including consumerist possibilities for cities and developers. This paper illustrates that this new 4Ps participation method makes comprehensive participatory planning and development possible through giving an opportunity to include consumers' opinions and needs into an alternative to traditional communicative planning.

This research paper examines the potential of urban refurbishment projects to accommodate ambitious low-energy solutions. This can be made possible by aligning the interests of the community (energy conservation) and owner (increased value) through redeveloping the land owned by present residents being used as equity to finance the low-energy upgrades to existing dwellings. This holistic view of urban redevelopment is presented as a financial analysis model. In the paper a real-life case of the Siltamäki suburb in Helsinki, Finland, is presented and analysed. The approach used to interpret the case is the Public-Private-People Partnership (4P). It was found that the developed model allows several different scenarios to be presented for decision-making without compromising any of the stakeholder's financial interests and, that owner-occupiers can, as a result, have new energy efficient refurbishment options. The originality of this paper lies in the way the owner-occupiers’ viewpoint is included in a refurbishment and redevelopment process. Santrauka Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjamos galimybės miesto atnaujinimo projektuose taikyti ambicingus energiją taupančius sprendimus. Tai gali būti įmanoma, kai pertvarkant dabartiniams gyventojams priklausančius sklypus bendruomenės interesai (energijos taupymas) derinami su savininko interesais (didesne verte), o sklypai naudojami kaip nuosavas kapitalas, iš kurio finansuojamas esamų būstų atnaujinimas diegiant energiją taupančius sprendimus. Toks holistinis požiūris į miestų pertvarkymą pateikiamas kaip finansinės analizės modelis. Darbe pristatomas ir analizuojamas realus Siltamäki priemiesčio Helsinkyje (Suomija) atvejis. Atvejui interpretuoti naudojamas viešojo sektoriaus, privačiojo sektoriaus ir žmonių partnerystės požiūris. Nustatyta, kad sukurtas modelis leidžia sprendimų priėmimui pateikti kelis skirtingus scenarijus, kurie nekelia pavojaus nė vienos suinteresuotos grupės finansiniams interesams, o gyvenantys savininkai turi galimybę rinktis iš naujų atnaujinimo variantų, siūlančių efektyvų energijos vartojimą. Naujumo šiam darbui suteikia tai, kad į atnaujinimo ir pertvarkymo procesą įtraukiamas gyvenančio savininko požiūris.

The twofold purpose of this paper is to establish the prospective inhabitants as a part of the development process, and to provide an overview of participatory planning in the context of Finnish urban residential Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs). This overview examines how the future inhabitants of new residential developments can contribute to informed decision-making within a PPP framework.Communicative planning theory serves as a framework to compare the urban development process from the point of view of future inhabitants. Finnish case studies are used to compare the traditional public-led processes with processes based on PPPs. This comparison is discussed within the context of PPPs and how they may evolve further and develop into a Public-Private-People Partnership (4P) model. The examination of the case studies suggests that involving future inhabitants as stakeholders in the urban planning development process would lead to and require new methods of participation. These methods potentially impact the PPP process as a whole and on several levels. In the Finnish examples discussed here, these range from elements of general planning to individual house design.The research, whilst drawing on the broad field of PPP research, is based on Finnish case studies only. However, this research suggests that the 4P approach is a practical model which may fill the gap between international PPP theory and local, practical solutions for the planning of urban development, both in Finland and elsewhere. Future research can look at this model in other PPP jurisdictions and contexts.