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The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Production 2.1. Diazotization and Coupling 2.1.1. Diazotization 2.1.2. Coupling 2.2. Other Azo Group Syntheses 2.2.1. Condensation of Nitro Compounds with Amines 2.2.2. Reduction of Nitro Compounds 2.2.3. Oxidation of Amino Compounds 2.3. Synthesis from Azo Compounds 2.3.1. Exposure of Concealed or Protected Amino Groups 2.3.2. Acylation of Amino Azo Compounds 2.3.3. Alkylation and Acylation of Phenolic Hydroxyl Groups 2.3.4. Metal‐Complex Formation 2.4. Processes without Industrial Importance 2.4.1. Reduction of Diazonium Compounds 2.4.2. Oxidative Coupling 2.4.3. Dehydrogenation of Diarylhydrazines 2.4.4. Reaction of Arylhydrazines with Quinones 2.4.5. Condensation of Nitroso Compounds with Amines 2.4.6. Azo Compounds from Azido Compounds 2.5. Equipment for Industrial Production of Azo Dyes

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Acenaphthylene ( I ) combines with ethoxycarbonylcarbene, generated by thermolysis of ethyl diazoacetate, t o give the stable cyclopropane derivative (21, which can be converted into phenalenium perchlorate (3) via a multi-step synthesis "1. H, /cOOC, H,