No abstract

The results demonstrate an association between EBV reactivation and disease activity in MS patients over time, and suggest that EBV might play an indirect role in MS as an activator of the underlying disease process.

Although both PBMCs and plasma were useful as material for EBV-specific RQ-PCR in immunosuppressed patients and nonimmunosuppressed individuals, the specificity of analysis seemed to be higher if plasma was taken for analysis.

C-reactive protein (CRP) is the main acute phase reactant in humans. Its production is presumably restricted to the liver but extrahepatic expression by inflamed tissue has not been studied in detail. By real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry we here show that renal cortical tubular epithelial cells (TEC) express CRP mRNA and protein within 6 h after stimulation with conditioned medium (CM) or IL-6, but not IL-1 § or TNF- § . Western blot analysis with monoclonal anti-CRP antibody that recognizes native CRP revealed protein secretion into supernatants of CM-stimulated TEC cultures. While hepatoma-derived Hep3B cells could be induced similarly, peripheral blood mononuclear cells could not. CRP mRNA transcripts were observed in nephrectomized renal allografts with severe acute rejection but not with chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN). Of 19 needle biopsies of acutely rejecting kidney transplants, 15 demonstrated CRP mRNA production with the relative expression levels increasing with the severity of rejection. On the other hand, none of 7 graft biopsies with acute tubular necrosis (ATN) or CAN showed CRP mRNA expression. By using monoclonal anti-CRP antibody, cortical tubules as well as glomerular cells were shown to locally express CRP in rejecting, but not in ATN kidneys. We conclude that inflamed kidneys represent a so far unknown site of CRP formation in vivo. These data shed new light on the acute phase reaction not merely representing a systemic inflammatory pathway but probably being part of the local immune response.

Background-Venous coronary artery bypass grafts (CABGs) are prone to accelerated atherosclerosis. In atherosclerotic diseases, serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels have become an important diagnostic and prognostic marker. The origin of CRP in this setting remains to be elucidated. Methods and Results-Monoclonal anti-CRP identified CRP expression in medial and intimal ␣-actin-positive smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of diseased CABGs with type V and VI lesions and also of native saphenous veins of atherosclerotic individuals. In addition, patent coronary arteries with type IV and V but not with type I through III lesions exhibited intense SMC staining for CRP. Calcified desobliterates of occluded coronary arteries with end-stage disease did not show SMC staining for CRP and were consistently negative for CRP mRNA, as detected by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction. However, CRP mRNA was expressed in 11 of 15 diseased CABGs and also in 10 of 15 native veins. By contrast, only 3 of 18 internal mammary and 4 of 12 radial arteries with virtually no atherosclerosis were positive for CRP mRNA. Conclusions-CRP is produced by SMCs of atherosclerotic lesions with active disease but not in end-stage plaques. The role of CRP constitutively expressed by normal vascular tissue in vein graft disease has yet to be elucidated. Key Words: atherosclerosis Ⅲ inflammation Ⅲ restenosis I n recent years, serum C-reactive protein (CRP) has become a powerful marker of future cardiovascular events. 1,2 CRP is linked to vascular inflammation because it attracts monocytes and mediates LDL uptake by macrophages. 3,4 Furthermore, CRP induces adhesion molecule expression but attenuates NO production of human endothelial cells. 5,6 Histological investigations have described an association between intimal CRP deposition and the development of atherosclerotic plaques. 7,8 None of these studies supposed that CRP immunoreactivity resulted from local expression of CRP. We speculated that elevated serum CRP levels do not reflect continuous hepatic CRP synthesis but rather represent local production. This hypothesis has recently been corroborated by findings of detectable CRP mRNA and protein in postmortem cases of aortosclerotic plaques. 9 Yasojima et al 9 described smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and macrophages as sites of CRP production. These data-together with our observation of CRP production by renal epithelial cells 10 -argue against the liver as the only site of CRP formation. The aim of the present study was to examine local generation of CRP in human atherosclerotic lesions. Because we have been interested for years in the increased reocclusion rate of coronary artery venous bypass grafts (CABGs), 11 we investigated samples of diseased CABGs for CRP mRNA and protein expression. The results were compared with patent atherosclerotic coronary arteries and calcified coronary desobliterates as well as with native saphenous veins, internal mammary arteries (IMAs), and radial arteries (RAs). Methods Sample CollectionFor CRP mRNA detection, 10 d...