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The utility of sewage sludge as a biomass fuel is taken as an approach to deal with global warming. Thermal characterization of this new type of fuel is a premise before it is practically used in real facilities. Four sludge derived fuels were examined by thermal calorimeters (TG-DTA, C80, and TAM) at temperature ramp and isothermal conditions. Heat generation at low temperature was found in some sludge species. The corresponding spontaneous ignition was measured in an adiabatic spontaneous ignition tester at 80 ?C. The reason of the thermal behaviors of the sludge fuels was discussed. The critical temperature of large scale pile-up was predicted. .

SUMMARYThe utility of sewage sludge as a biomass fuel is taken as a new approach to recycle unwanted wastes as renewable energy and deal with global warming. However, safety caring of this new type of fuel is a premise before it is practically used in boilers. Thermal behaviors of four sludge-derived fuels which are under development were examined by several calorimeters (such as thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis, C80 and thermal activity monitor) at temperature ramp and isothermal conditions. Heat generation at relatively low temperatures was observed. The corresponding spontaneous ignition was detected in an adiabatic spontaneous ignition tester at 80 • C in some sludge species. Moreover, a certain amount of gaseous evolution was accompanied when the sludge fuels were stored at room temperature and at 60 • C. Oxidation is mainly responsible for the heat and gas release from the sludge fuels. The hazards of the sewage sludge fuels were also compared with a bituminous coal and a refuse-derived fuel, which have the main feature of spontaneous ignition.

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The present article is concerned with a study on the daily training protocol for field crews wearing chemical protection clothing for firefighting and the analysis of activity. To improve coping ability of & secure safety for firefighting crews initially incorporated in the fields of chemical accident & chemical terror, 10 steps in total of daily training protocol have been designed. The designed protocol is largely composed of the extensive activity protocol for daily adaptation of firefighting chemical protection clothing (steps 1, 2, 6, 7 & 9), the precision operation protocol utilizing hands (steps 3, 4 & 5), and the protocol requiring strong physical burdens (steps 8 & 10). According to the measurement results for activity as a result of the protocol, the average maximum heart rate upon wearing the firefighting chemical protection clothing was shown to increase by step