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This study examined the longitudinal relationship between self‐esteem and body image distress, as well as the moderating effect of relationships with parents, among adolescents in Korea, using nationally representative prospective panel data. Regarding causal direction, the findings supported bi‐directionality for girls, but for boys the association was unidirectional, in that their self‐esteem predicted body image distress, but not vice versa. A gender difference also emerged in the moderating effect of quality of relationships with parents. For girls, relationships with parents moderated the effect of body image distress on self‐esteem, such that when relationships with parents were better, the effect of greater body image distress on subsequent lower self‐esteem was stronger than when relationships with parents were less positive. For boys, relationships with parents moderated the influence of self‐esteem on body image distress, such that self‐esteem reduced body image distress more when boys had better relationships with parents.

Regular exercise and a certain level of physical activity reduce the mortality rate in the elderly. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of physical activity on the prevention of fracture in the middle aged or older in Korea. The basic data are based on the Ansan and Ansung community cohort studies of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study conducted by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2001, and the fracture data from the third survey in 2005 to the sixth survey in 2011. The physical activity of the aged in the 40s was mostly distributed in the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended range of 7.5 to 30.0 metabolic equivalent·hr/wk, and the activity was gradually divided into the low and high groups in the 50s and 60s. In the 60s, the risk of fracture was reduced to 0.63 times compared to that of the 50s when physical activity was the recommended level (odds ratio, 0.63; p＜0.001). For Korean adults, there was no significant difference in fracture incidence according to the amount of physical activity in the middle-aged people. However, for the elderly aged 60 and over, the risk of fracture decreased when the WHO recommended level of activity was performed, and the risk increased when less or more activities were performed.