We study optimal dynamic lockdowns against COVID-19 within a commuting network. Our framework integrates canonical spatial epidemiology and trade models and is applied to cities with varying initial viral spread: Seoul, Daegu, and the New York City metropolitan area (NYM). Spatial lockdowns achieve substantially smaller income losses than uniform lockdowns. In the NYM and Daegu—with large initial shocks—the optimal lockdown restricts inflows to central districts before gradual relaxation, while in Seoul it imposes low temporal but large spatial variation. Actual commuting reductions were too weak in central locations in Daegu and the NYM and too strong across Seoul. (JEL H51, I12, I18, R23, R41)

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This paper estimates the effects of pro-natalist cash transfers (baby bonus) on birth outcomes. I exploit rich spatial and temporal variation in these cash transfers and administrative data on the universe of birth and death registry records in South Korea. I find that the pronatalist cash transfers increased the number of children ever born by women. The total fertility rate in 2015 would have been 3% lower without the cash transfers. The elasticities of birth rates with respect to cash transfers vary widely across birth order and mother's age. These financial incentives encouraged working mothers to have second and third children. I observe a decrease in gestational age among these working mothers, which in turn led to an overall reduction in birth weight. There is no evidence of changes in early life mortality, but the cash transfers shifted the male-skewed sex ratio towards its natural level.

Anemia of chronic disease is the second common anemia following the iron deficiency anemia. it has been known to be associated with acute or chronic infection, however, it is now known to be from any disease with inflammation including cancer This anemia is usually normocytic and normochromic and the degree of anemia is not severe. The poor utilization of iron into erythropoiesis due to entrapment of iron in macrophages and reticuto-endothelial cells has been considered as the main mechanism of developing this anemia. However ， it is recognized that various cytokines take the significant roles in the pathogenesis. Although erythropoietin has been shown to have some efficacy in certain situations such as in anemia from cancer ，The knowledges of its adverse effect in cancer prognosis，away from original expectation ，is being accumulated recently.