Latar belakang: Anak tuli prelingual akan kehilangan fungsi mendengar dan bicara, sehingga akan berpengaruh pada komunikasi, psikologis, dan kualitas hidupnya. Implan koklea hadir sebagai alat habilitasi terutama pada anak dengan tuli derajat berat dan sangat berat. Tujuan: Membahas karakteristik anak 6-12 bulan pasca implantasi koklea, evaluasi perkembangan auditori anak, serta faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi hasil keluaran. Metode: Bersifat deskriptif potong lintang, pada 36 subjek yang dievaluasi dengan metode penilaian berupa pengamatan yang bersifat global yaitu Categories Auditory Performance (CAP)-II. Hasil: Median waktu saat evaluasi 8,9 bulan, median CAP-II pada subjek ialah 3 (minimal 2-maksimal 7), dengan pencapaian 33,3% subjek dalam kategori CAP tinggi (skor 5 atau lebih). Kesimpulan: anak pasca implantasi koklea memiliki peningkatan persepsi auditori CAP-II dibandingkan sebelum penggunaan implan koklea yang dapat mulai dievaluasi sejak 6 bulan pasca implan. ABSTRACT Background: Prelingual deaf in children will cause the sufferers to loose their function of hearing and speaking, thus, are unable to hear and speak, and impacting on their ability to communicate, to grow psychologically, and on their overall life quality. Cochlear implant comes as a habilitating device especially mainly for children with severe and profound deafness. Purpose: This study described the children’s characteristics at 6-12 months after cochlear implantation, by evaluating their auditory development, and other factors influencing the output. Method: A descriptive cross sectional study, conducted on 36 subjects, evaluating the subjects by using the global observation method of Categories Auditory Performance (CAP)-II. Results: The median hearing age was 8.9 months, the median score of CAP-II was 3 (minimum 2-maximum 7), and 33.3% of subjects reached high CAP scores (CAP score of ≥ 5). Conclusion: CAP-II score would increase in children
Latar belakang: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) ialah penyakit kronis yang terjadi akibat episode intermiten sumbatan jalan napas komplit atau sebagian saat tidur. OSA dapat menimbulkan komplikasi seperti hipertensi, diabetes melitus, stroke dan excessive daytime sleepiness yang dapat berakibat fatal. OSA merupakan bagian dari gangguan napas saat tidur. Tujuan: Mengindentifikasi letak atau level dan konfigurasi sumbatan pada saat tidur. Tinjauan pustaka: Cara untuk mendiagnosis OSA adalah nasofaringolaringoskopi dengan Muller`s maneuver, pemeriksaan polisomnography (PSG), dan drug induce sleep endoscopy (DISE). Pemeriksaan PSG merupakan standar baku emas untuk mendapakan nilai apnea-hipopnea index (AHI) yang menentukan derajat OSA. Pemeriksaan untuk mengidentifikasi lokasi sumbatan jalan napas yang menyebabkan peningkatan resistensi aliran udara adalah Muller`s maneuver dan DISE. Pada pemeriksaan DISE, digunakan propofol atau midazolam secara intravena untuk menstimulasi keadaan sumbatan pada saat tidur, dilanjutkan dengan pemeriksaan nasofaringolaringoskopi. Kesimpulan: Pemeriksaan ini merupakan cara yang sangat terpercaya untuk menentukan level sumbatan pada keadaan tidur, sehingga jenis tindakan operasi yang dilakukan menjadi lebih tepat. Kata kunci: Drug induced sleep endoscopy, midazolam, propofol, manuver Muller’s, obstructive sleep apnea, polisomnografi ABSTRACT Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common chronic disorder caused by intermittent episodes of complete or partial upper airway obstruction during sleep. It may lead to complications such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, stroke, as well as excessive daytime sleepiness which can be fatal. OSA is a part of sleep disorder breathing. Purpose: To identify the sites or the levels of obstruction and its configuration. Literature review: Muller’s maneuver upon nasopharyngoscopy, polysomnography (PSG), and drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) are the modalities for diagnosing OSA. Polysomnography is the gold standard examination for OSA, one of the variables; the apnea-hipopnea index (AHI) is used to determine the presence and severity of OSA. Muller’s maneuver and DISE are the examination to identify the sites responsible for increase in airflow resistance. DISE technique uses intravena injection of propofol or midazolam to produce obstruction in a “natural sleep” condition followed by nasopharyngolaryngoscopy examination. Conclusion: DISE is considered as a very reliable means to define the level of obstruction during sleeping, thus could help to determine appropriate surgery. Keywords: Drug induced sleep endoscopy, midazolam, propofol, Muller’s maneuver, obstructive sleep apnea, polisomnography
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