Assessment of the QT interval on a standard 12 lead electrocardiogram is of value in the recognition of a number of conditions. A critical part of its use is the adjustment for the effect of heart rate on QT interval. A systematic search was conducted to identify studies that proposed formulae to standardize the QT interval by heart rate. A nomenclature was developed for current and subsequent equations based on whether they are corrective (QTc) or predictive (QTp). QTc formulae attempt to separate the dependence of the length of the QT interval from the length of the RR interval. QTp formulae utilize heart rate and the output QTp is compared to the uncorrected QT interval. The nomenclature consists of the first letter of the first author's name followed by the next two consonance (whenever possible) in capital letters; with subscripts in lower case alphabetical letter if the first author develops more than one equation. The single exception was the Framingham equation, because this cohort has developed its own "name" amongst cardiovascular studies. Equations were further categorized according to whether they were linear, rational, exponential, logarithmic, or power based. Data show that a person's QT interval adjusted for heart rate can vary dramatically with the different QTc and QTp formulae depending on the person's heart rate and QT interval. The differences in the QT interval adjustment equations encompasses values that are considered normal or significant prolonged. To further compare the equations, we considered that the slope of QTc versus heart rate should be zero if there was no correlation between QT and heart rate. Reviewing a sample of 107 patient ECGs from a hospital setting, the rank order of the slope - from best (closest to zero) to worst was QTcDMT, QTcRTHa, QTcHDG, QTcGOT, QTcFRM, QTcFRD, QTcBZT and QTcMYD. For two recent formulae based on large data sets specifically QTcDMT and QTcRTHa, there was no significant deviation of the slope from zero. In summary a nomenclature permits easy reference to QT formulae that adjust for heart rate. Twenty different formulae can produce discordant calculations of an adjusted QT interval. While the formulae developed by Bazett and Fridericia (QTcBZT and QTcFRD respectively) may continue to be used clinically, recent formulae from large population studies specifically QTcDMT and QTcRTHa appear to be better to adjust QT for heart rate in clinical practice.

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Locked nucleic acids (LNAs) can greatly enhance duplex DNA stability, and are therefore creating opportunities to improve therapeutics, as well as PCR‐based disease and pathogen diagnostics. Realizing the full potential of LNAs will require better understanding of their contributions to duplex stability, and the ability to predict their hydridization thermodynamics. Melting thermodynamics data for a large set of diverse duplexes containing LNAs in one or both strands are presented. Those data reveal that LNAs, when present on both strands, can stabilize a duplex not only through direct interaction with their base‐pair partner, but also through nonlocal hyperstablization effects created by LNA:LNA base pairs and/or specific patterns of oppositely oriented LNA:DNA base pairs. The data are, therefore, used to extend a thermodynamic model previously developed in our lab to permit accurate prediction of melting temperatures for duplexes bearing LNA substitutions within both strands using a classic group‐contribution approach. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 2711–2731, 2015

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