Background Garlic is an entirely sterile crop with important value as a vegetable, condiment, and medicine. However, the evolutionary history of garlic remains largely unknown. Results Here we report a comprehensive map of garlic genomic variation, consisting of amazingly 129.4 million variations. Evolutionary analysis indicates that the garlic population diverged at least 100,000 years ago, and the two groups cultivated in China were domesticated from two independent routes. Consequently, 15.0 and 17.5% of genes underwent an expression change in two cultivated groups, causing a reshaping of their transcriptomic architecture. Furthermore, we find independent domestication leads to few overlaps of deleterious substitutions in these two groups due to separate accumulation and selection-based removal. By analysis of selective sweeps, genome-wide trait associations and associated transcriptomic analysis, we uncover differential selections for the bulb traits in these two garlic groups during their domestication. Conclusions This study provides valuable resources for garlic genomics-based breeding, and comprehensive insights into the evolutionary history of this clonal-propagated crop.

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To compare the antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment patterns, seizure control, and folic acid supplementation between planned and unplanned pregnancy in women with epilepsy (WWE) and to investigate the effects of planned pregnancy on fetal outcomes. Methods: A prospectively collected database including WWE with pregnancy from Feb 2010 to Dec 2018 was retrospectively analyzed. Planned pregnancy was defined as WWE being regularly supervised by epileptologists from the time of intended pregnancy until delivery. Clinical characteristics and fetal outcomes were compared between the planned and unplanned pregnancy groups. Logistic regression was used to identify modifiable factors associated with adverse fetal outcomes. Results: A total of 188 planned pregnancies and 289 unplanned pregnancies were enrolled in our study. Among planned pregnancies, 66.0 % took AED monotherapy, and 32.4 % received polytherapy. Among unplanned pregnancies, 58.1 % didn't take AEDs, 28.0 % took monotherapy, and 12.8 % received polytherapy. The planned pregnancies had less generalized tonic-clonic seizures (P = 0.002) and higher proportion of being seizure-free (41.0 % vs. 22.8 %; P < 0.001). All planned pregnancies took folic acid while 39.8 % of unplanned pregnancies never took it (P < 0.001). The planned pregnancies had less rates of induced abortions (2.7 % vs. 13.5 %; P < 0.001), preterm births (3.3 % vs. 20.4 %; P < 0.001), and major congenital malformations (1.6 % vs. 7.5 %; P = 0.016). Pregnancy planning was independently associated with adverse fetal outcomes (adjusted OR, 0.14; 95 % CI, 0.08−0.27; P < 0.001). Conclusion:Planned pregnancy in WWE contributes to more optimized AED pattern, better seizure control, more appropriate folic acid supplementation, and less adverse fetal outcomes.