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Based on 16 in-depth case studies this paper argues that neither the Uppsala model nor the theory of international new ventures can explain effectively the internationalisation of indigenous Chinese private-owned firms. Instead, "bounded entrepreneurship" is proposed to interpret the unique internationalisation patterns and competitive positions of these firms. This explanation is incorporated into a framework of entrepreneurship which builds on existing theories and is sufficiently flexible to accommodate a range of conditions influencing a firm's internationalisation decisions.

Bradford Scholars -how to deposit your paper Overview Copyright check• Check if your publisher allows submission to a repository.• Use the Sherpa RoMEO database if you are not sure about your publisher's position or email openaccess@bradford.ac.uk.

This paper assesses the role of locally-recruited R&D personnel relative to their expatriate counterparts as regards innovation in multinational subsidiariesin an emerging economy. Two hypotheses are developed based on a network approach to multinational enterprises in an emerging economy setting, and tested on a sample of 317 multinational subsidiaries in China.Our results indicate that locally-recruited R&D personnel have played a limited role in innovation within multinational subsidiaries. While making a marginally significant contribution to R&D output due to their direct supply of technological knowledge, locally-recruited R&D personnel are unable to translate subsidiary R&D expenditure into successful patent applications probably because of their lack of technology management skills. In comparison, R&D expatriates significantly contribute to multinational subsidiary R&R output in both dimensions.