Pseudoalteromonas xiamenensis sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from coastal surface seawater A Gram-negative, oxidase-and catalase-positive, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming, motile, aerobic bacterium, designated Y2 T , was isolated from surface seawater of Yundang Lake, Xiamen, China. The strain was able to grow in the presence of 0.5-6.0 % NaCl (optimum 1.0-1.5 %), at pH 5-10 (optimum pH 8) and at 10-40 6C (optimum 25 6C). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain Y2 T belongs to the genus Pseudoalteromonas, with the highest sequence similarity of 94.9 % to Pseudoalteromonas tunicata D2 T ; within the genus Pseudoalteromonas, it showed the lowest similarity of 92.8 % to Pseudoalteromonas denitrificans ATCC 43337 T . The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA of strain Y2 T was 45.1 mol%. The predominant fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C 16 : 1 v6c and/or C 16 : 1 v7c), C 16 : 0 , C 12 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 8 (C 18 : 1 v6c and/or C 18 : 1 v7c). The only respiratory quinone detected was Q-8. Based on the phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics, strain Y2 T represents a novel species of the genus Pseudoalteromonas, for which the name Pseudoalteromonas xiamenensis sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is Y2 T (5CGMCC 1.12157 T 5JCM 18779 T ).

Vibrio harveyi and related vibrios are potential pathogens causing luminous vibriosis in marine aquaculture systems. In this study, two lytic phages P4A and P4F isolated using Vibrio strains B4A and B4F as indicator bacteria, respectively, were isolated from seawater of an abalone farm. Vibrio strain B4F belongs to the Harveyi clade of the genus Vibrio and was found to cause mortality of abalones in laboratory microcosms. Both phages were able to lyse Vibrio strain B4F. Electron microscopy revealed that phage P4A had an icosahedral head while P4F possessed an elongated hexagonal head. Both phages belong to the family Siphoviridae with long non‐contractile tails. Restriction endonuclease analysis indicated that both phages were double‐stranded DNA viruses and the genome sizes of P4A and P4F were estimated to be about 49 and 44 kb respectively. One‐step growth curves revealed that these two phages exhibited distinct latent periods, exponential periods and burst sizes by infecting the same Vibrio strain B4F. Both phages were able to significantly reduce Vibrio population density in biofilm formed by Vibrio strain B4F on the surface of polyethylene film. It is suggested that these two phages may be promising candidates as biocontrol agents of infections caused by Vibrio strains belonging to the Haveyi clade in marine aquaculture systems.

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A BSTRACT Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe central nervous system injury that can cause sensory or motor dysfunction. Although mortality rates for people with spinal cord injuries have dropped dramatically with advances in medicine, chronic long-term sequelae after SCI persist. The most bothersome problems reported by patients include pain, spasticity, urinary dysfunction, and loss of motor function. Thus, quality of life (QoL) is an essential issue in chronic SCI. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) applies an adjustable, nondamaging electrical pulse that can reduce uncomfortable comorbidities and improve mobility, thus enhancing the QoL of patients with SCI. This review summarizes pivotal breakthroughs from SCS for individual clinical impairment from SCI. We conclude that careful evaluation of SCS can help improve neuropathic pain, spasms, motor symptoms, and voiding dysfunction in patients with SCI, thus improving QoL.