Smoking shapes the salivary microbiome in states of clinical health, and further may influence MBL during bone healing by creating high at-risk-for-harm communities. Understanding of the distinctly divergent oral microbiome in smokers and non-smokers is a base for personalized therapeutics for this high-risk cohort and also a base for further study on the pathologic mechanisms.

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Magnetic levitation actuators (MLAs) are increasingly employed in the modern high-precision manufacturing industry. Since the current-wrench transformation matrix is calculated inaccurately in the controller, the existing MLA finds it hard to undertake high-precision multi-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) movement in the large stroke. A high-fidelity real-time model is required to design better controllers for MLAs. This paper proposes a universal FPGA-based real-time wrench model (RTWM); meanwhile an MLA capable of translation and rotation in the horizontal plane is employed as the modeling object. To obtain the high accuracy with excellent generality, the force and torque distribution is solved through the magnetic node, coordinate transformation, and Gaussian quadrature. The corresponding calculation components are developed on the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) by exploiting the fully pipelined arithmetic and parallel architecture processing. Utilizing the high level synthesis tool, the final register transfer level structure is optimized adequately to reduce the time and hardware overhead. In the experiment, the RTWM of the proposed MLA and an existing MLA from the literature are obtained together to highlight the generality, and the computational accuracy is compared with the finite element method (FEM) software Comsol Multiphysics and a boundary element method software package Radia, respectively. The results show that the relative deviation is less than 2% choosing the FEM results as benchmark.

An accurate wrench model is significant for the simulation, manufacture, and control of the commutated magnetically levitated planar actuator (CMLPA). With plenty of coils and permanent magnets employed in the coil set and magnet array of CMLPA, the computational burden of the corresponding wrench model can be substantial. This paper proposes an accurate, universal, and robust parallel massive-thread wrench model (PMWM) for the CMLPA. In PMWM, the magnetic node, Gaussian quadrature, and coordinate transformation are employed to express the interaction between magnet array and coil set. All of these calculation modules are implemented on the graphics processing unit in a massively parallel framework by CUDA. In order to highlight the performance of this PMWM, the wrench model of three different CMLPAs is computed. The computation accuracy and efficiency of proposed PMWM are compared with the finite-element method software Ansys Maxwell and a boundary element method software package named Radia, respectively. The same wrench model is also implemented on a multicore CPU through OpenMP and the comparative results are presented to show significant acceleration of the proposed massive-thread model. Index Terms-Commutated magnetically levitated planar actuator (CMLPA), graphics processing unit (GPU), parallel processing, wrench model.NOMENCLATURE N, M Coils and magnets amount. T Magnetic nodes amount. i, q Coil and coil segment indices. j, k Magnet and magnetic node indices. g 1 , g 2 , g 3 Gaussian quadrature sequence numbers. τ c , τ m Coil pitch and magnet pitch. H m Cuboid or cylindrical magnet height. L m , W m Cuboid magnet length and width. R m Cylindrical magnet radius.

Applications of switched reluctance machine (SRM) are increasing in the industry due to their many desirable features. This study proposes a hybrid analytical model (HAM) of the SRM for the hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation. To obtain satisfactory accuracy, the phase flux linkage is solved by the magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) method when the stator and rotor poles overlap, and by the space harmonic method (SHM) when the poles do not overlap. The backward Euler and Newton-Raphson methods are used to calculate the exciting current, while the Gaussian quadrature is used to compute the electromagnetic torque in the HIL simulation. The digital hardware implementation of computation components are developed on the field-programmable gate array by exploiting the parallel hardware architecture and fully pipelined arithmetic processing. To highlight the performance of the HAM, the captured real-time results are compared with the off-line transient solution obtained through the co-simulation of Ansys Maxwell ® , Ansys Simplorer ® , and Simulink ® , which model the SRM, drive circuit, and control system, respectively.