Melamine formaldehyde (MF) foam is a kind of fire-retardant material, which has many excellent properties. In this paper, the effect of foaming agent on foam-cell structure of MF foam was discussed, along with the compressive property, the water absorption and its thermo gravimetric behavior as well as its fire-retardant property behaved by limited oxygen index (LOI). Through the analysis of different factors affected on MF foam and its properties we hope to get practical products with good properties. Keywords: melamine foam; foaming agent; foam-structure; thermal property; fire-retardancy;

Research in biology and medicine is a rapidly expanding field incorporating some of the most fundamental questions concerning structure, function, and purpose. The forefront of new research demands access to advanced techniques and instrumentation capable of probing these unanswered questions. Over the past several decades, nano-scale materials and devices ranging from quasione dimensional quantum dots to two dimensional graphene sheets have been engineered and have found applications in nano-bio imaging and spectroscopy. In this review, the incorporation of nanomaterials into three influential spectroscopic and microscopic techniques including fluorescence microscopy, surface plasmon resonance, and sum frequency generation will be introduced. Fluorescence imaging has visualized nanomaterials as compliments or replacements to comparable organic fluorphores, act as a quencher for FRET-based sensing, and serve as a nanoscaffold for molecular beacons. Their versatility in coating materials makes nanomaterials an excellent targeting molecule for any cellular macromolecule or structure. In addition to the targeting capabilities of nanomaterials in fluorescence imaging, surface plasmon resonance has incorporated nanomaterials for applications in signal enhancement, selectivity of target molecules, and the development of more refined and accurate detection. Functionalized nanoparticles enhance the capabilities of sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy by providing unique surface chemistry which alters target molecule interactions and orientations. In summary, the incorporation of nanomaterials has greatly enhanced the field of biology and medicine and has allowed for the continual advancement of not only research but instrument development. nano-bio interfaces, optical spectroscopy, fluoroscence, SERS, SFG Citation:Zhang X X, Han X F, Wu F G, et al. Nano-bio interfaces probed by advanced optical spectroscopy: From model system studies to optical biosensors. Chin Sci Bull, 2013, 58: 25372556, doi: 10.1007/s11434-013-5700-y Nanomaterials, which size ranges (1-100 nm) coincide with fundamentally important length scales in physics, are considered to be promising building blocks for future electrical, optical and optoelectronic applications [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. For example, in metals, the mean free path of an electron at room temperature is ~10-100 nm [9]; the Bohr radius of photo-excited electron-hole pairs in semiconductors is ~1-10 nm [10]; and the 1-100 nm dimension is the range over which molecules assemble into nucleic acids and proteins [11]. Nanostructures on this size scale provide a unique technology to determine many critical structure/function relationships of biological molecules at the cellular level without introducing substantial interference. Advances in nanotechnology have developed at several stages: materials, devices, and systems. A decade ago, extensive research has focused on the development of various methods to precisely control the synthesis of nanomaterials. Therefore, many differ...