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Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) cathodes are of great importance for the development of lithium ion batteries with high energy density. Currently, most commercially available NMC products are polycrystalline secondary particles, which are aggregated by anisotropic primary particles. Although the polycrystalline NMC particles have demonstrated large gravimetric capacity and good rate capabilities, the volumetric energy density, cycling stability as well as production adaptability are not satisfactory. Well-dispersed single-crystalline NMC is therefore proposed to be an alternative solution for further development of high-energy-density batteries. Various techniques have been explored to synthesize the single-crystalline NMC product, but the fundamental mechanisms behind these techniques are still fragmented and incoherent. In this manuscript, we start a journey from the fundamental crystal growth theory, compare the crystal growth of NMC among different techniques, and disclose the key factors governing the growth of single-crystalline NMC. We expect that the more generalized growth mechanism drawn from invaluable previous works could enhance the rational design and the synthesis of cathode materials with superior energy density.

immunotherapy has attracted prominent research interest because of its excellent efficacy for tumor destruction via activating antitumor responses or overcoming immunosuppression. [1][2][3][4] Great efforts have been devoted to enhancing immune responses via improving the presentation of tumor antigens and the activation of cytotoxic effector T cells by employing nanomaterials. [5,6] Recently, it was reported that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) can be polarized from an immunosuppressive M2 phenotype toward a tumoricidal M1 phenotype by using nanomodulators. [7,8] It is speculated that simultaneously simulating T cell activation and macrophage polarization should significantly improve tumor immunotherapeutic efficacy. However, to the best of our knowledge, no combined immunotherapy strategy has been reported based on nanoplatforms.T cell activation to elicit antitumor responses requires effective antigen presentation via dendritic cells (DCs). Mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles (MONs) have received increasing attention for biomedical applications because of their organic group-incorporated framework, uniform mesopores, large surface area, high payload capability, Nanomaterial-based immunotherapy stimulating T cell activation or tumorassociated macrophage (TAM) conversion holds great promise for promoting tumor suppression. Herein, a novel nanoplatform, iron oxide-embedded large-pore mesoporous organosilica nanospheres (IO-LPMONs), is prepared for the first time to simultaneously activate cytotoxic T cells and polarize macrophages for potent tumor immunotherapy. The IO-LPMONs have large mesopores (6.3 nm) and inorganic-organic hybrid shells, which contribute to a high payload (500 µg mg −1 ) of the antigen ovalbumin (OVA). The IO-LPMONs effectively deliver OVA to dendritic cells (DCs) and activate DCs. Subsequently, high activation of both CD4 + and CD8 + effector antigen-specific T cells is achieved for powerful antitumor effects.Moreover, the IO-LPMONs also act as an immune modulator to polarize TAMs from an immunosuppressive M2 to a tumor-killing M1 phenotype, which induces efficient apoptosis of tumor cells. The combined T cell activation and macrophage polarization strategy based on the IO-LPMONs elicits remarkable combined antitumor effects in vivo, showing great promise for tumor treatment. Cancer ImmunotherapyThe ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under https://doi.

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