The objectives of this study were to (i) measure genetic gain using a set of maize (Zea mays L.) single‐cross hybrids that were widely used in Chinese maize production from 1964 to 2001, (ii) determine if there were changes in morphological characteristics, and (iii) examine the germplasm backgrounds of these hybrids. Yield trials were conducted for 3 yr, using a split‐plot design. Each hybrid was planted at three different densities in four locations, two locations each representing summer and spring corn areas. Mean rates of genetic gain were 52 kg ha−1 yr−1 when measured at the spring locations, 69 kg ha−1 yr−1 when measured at the summer locations, and 60 kg ha−1 yr−1 when measured across all locations. There was no significant effect of planting density on genetic gain. Genetic gain has been largely contributed by increased yield per plant and this strategy was reflected in changes in ear and plant morphology. Analyses of pedigree backgrounds showed continuing dependence on U.S. germplasm backgrounds, notably C103, Oh43, Mo17, and Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic (BSSS).

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is becoming a worldwide public health problem. In this study, a kidney metabonomics method based on the ultra performance liquid chromatography/high-sensitivity mass spectrometry with MS(E) data collection technique was undertaken to explore the excretion pattern of low molecular mass metabolites in rat model of adenine-induced chronic renal failure (CRF). Coupled with blood biochemistry and kidney histopathology results, the significant difference in metabolic profiling between the adenine-induced CRF group and the control group by using pattern recognition analysis indicated that changes in global tissue metabolites were occurred. Some significantly changed metabolites like fatty acids, p-cresol sulfate, and indoxyl sulfate have been identified. The results showed that the most important CRF-related metabolites were polyunsaturated fatty acids, indoxyl sulfate, and p-cresyl sulfate. Indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate (uremic toxins) were significantly increased in CRF rats. Indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate stimulate progressive tubulointerstitial fibrosis by increasing the expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). These biochemical changes in tissue metabolites are related to the perturbations of fatty acid metabolism and amino metabolism, which may be helpful to further understand the TGF-β1 mechanisms of tubulointerstitial fibrosis. This work shows that the metabonomics method is a valuable tool for studying the essence of CKD.

In this report, self-sterility in Camellia oleifera was explored by comparing structural and statistical characteristics following self-pollination (SP) and cross-pollination (CP). Although slightly delayed pollen germination and pollen tube growth in selfed ovaries compared to crossed ovaries was observed, there was no significant difference in the percentages of pollen that germinated and pollen tubes that grew to the base of the style. There was also no difference in morphological structure after the two pollination treatments. However, the proportions of ovule penetration and double fertilization in selfed ovules were significantly lower than in crossed ovules, indicating that a prezygotic late-acting self-incompatible mechanism may exist in C. oleifera. Callose deposition was observed in selfed abortive ovules, but not in normal. Ovules did not show differences in anatomic structure during embryonic development, whereas significant differences were observed in the final fruit and seed set. In addition, aborted ovules in selfed ovaries occurred within 35 days after SP and prior to zygote division. However, this process did not occur continuously throughout the life cycle, and no zygotes were observed in the selfed abortive ovules. These results indicated that the self-sterility in C. oleifera may be caused by prezygotic late-acting self-incompatibility (LSI).

The surface layer of Poria cocos (Fu-Ling-Pi, FLP) is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine and its diuretic effect was confirmed in rat. Ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight high-sensitivity mass spectrometry and a novel mass spectrometryElevated Energy data collection technique was employed to investigate metabonomic characteristics of chronic kidney disease (CKD) induced from adenine excess and the protective effects of FLP. Multiple metabolites are detected in the CKD and are correlated with progressive renal injury. Among these biomarkers, lysoPC(18∶0), tetracosahexaenoic acid, lysoPC(18∶2), creatinine, lysoPC (16∶0) and lysoPE(22∶0/0∶0) in the FLP-treated group were completely reversed to levels in the control group which lacked CKD. Combined with biochemistry and histopathology results, the changes in serum metabolites indicate that the perturbations of phospholipids metabolism, energy metabolism and amino acid metabolism are related to adenine-induced CKD and to the interventions of FLP on all the three metabolic pathways. FLP may regulate the metabolism of these biomarkers, especially their efficient utilization within the context of CKD. Furthermore, these biomarkers might serve as characteristics to explain the mechanisms of FLP.

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